世界经济.docx
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世界经济
1.0Introduction
EuropeanneighboringcountriesasmembersoftheGovernment,itismydutytoillustratethebenefitsofjoiningtheEUPrimeMinister.Inthisreport,Iwillbeinthenextthree-partanalysisof15elements,giveclearexplanationsofthebenefitsofjoiningtheEuropeanUnion.
2.0Finding
2.1Internationaltradeandtheroleoftradeorganisations
2.1.1Threegainsfromworldtrade
Effectiveuseofeconomicglobalization,theworld'sresourcesforcountriestoprovidemoredevelopmentopportunities,butalsogreatlyenrichedandfacilitatedpeople'sdailylives.
Economicglobalization,countriesbecomemorecompetitive,creativityandinnovation,sothatcountriescangetrich.
Globalizationmeansneweconomicgrowth,althoughgrowthinthisperiodthereisarisk,butthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesinincreasingnationalwealth,arethebeneficiariesofglobalization.
2.1.2Themeaningoffreetrade
FreetradethattheGovernmentdoesnotadopttariffs,quotasorotherformofinterventionininternationaltradepolicy.Freetradeistheabolitionofnationalrestrictionsandbarrierstotheimportandexporttrade,theabolitionoftheirprivilegesandprerogativesoftheimportandexportgoods,importandexportcommoditieswithoutinterferenceandrestrictions,tofreeimportandexportofgoods,freecompetitioninthedomesticmarket,tradepolicy.
2.1.3Absoluteandcomparativeadvantage
Absoluteadvantage
Unit:
Perhour
Coconuts
Fish
Crusoe
10
1
Friday
30
2
CrusoeFishingcalculatedbythetableoutputis1hour,Fridayfishproductionisoneeveryhalfhour(or2perhour),itclearlyhasanabsoluteadvantageFridayfishing.Infact,empathyisalsoknownFridayAbstractcoconutabsoluteadvantage.
2.1.4Reasonfortradeprotectionism
Tradeprotectionism,istoimplementrestrictionsonforeigntradeingoodsimportstoprotecttheirgoodsinthedomesticmarketfromforeigncompetition,toprovidevariousincentivestotheirproductstoenhanceitsinternationalcompetitivenessofideasandpolicies.
InMarch2002,theUnitedStatestotheEuropeanUnion,Japanandothercountry'sexportsofsteelproducts8damagetothegroundsoftheU.S.steelindustry,theuseof"201",announcedavarietyofsteelthree-yearlevyimporttaxrateof30overall%.IncreaseinretaliationforU.S.tariffsonsteelimportsinJune,theEuropeanUnionforimposingontheU.S.partofthe100%tariff,Mexico,Japan,SouthKorea,alsohavetoraisetariffsortotakeemergencysafeguardmeasures.AlthoughtheWTOultimatelyruledthattheU.S.violatedWTOrules,butthesteeltradewartobothsidesbroughtgreatlosses,itisestimatedthat2002,theEuropeanUnionalonelost$240million.TheUnitedStateshundredsofmillionsinlossestobearnearlythesametime,itledto74,000unemployedsteelconsumers,moreharmthangood.
In2003,theUnitedStatesbecauseofmadcowdisease,SouthKoreabannedimportsofU.S.beef.InApril2008,topromotetheKorea-USfreetradeagreement,KoreareachedanagreementtorelaxtheimportofU.S.beef.ThisagreementinSouthKoreawasastrongprotestandboycott,June10,approximatelyonemillionSouthKoreansinSeoulstreetralliestoprotestthegovernmentimportsofU.S.beef.19,SouthKoreanPresidentLeeMyung-bakapologizedtotheKoreanpeople.AnalystsbelievethattheKorea-US"beefcrisis"isthetraditionaleconomicnationalismandthedevelopmenttrendofglobalfreetradebetweenthecollisionandastrongcontest.KoreaEconomicResearchInstitute'sanalysisshowsthat"beefcrisis"notonlytoKoreaandtheU.S.broughtaseriouspoliticalcrisis,whileofferingupto$2.5billionineconomiclosses.
2.1.5Twobarrierstotrade
HaierwashingmachinesinSeptember2010onthe"homewashingmachineErPdraftregulations,"thethreeamendmentsproposedbytheEuropeanUnionadoptedasdraftamendmentstoachievethe"voice"oftheonlyChinesecompanies.EuropeanErPDirectiveEuPDirectivewasoriginally(theEuropeanCommissionin2009toupgradetoErPDirective),isthesecondWEEE,ROHSDirective,theEUanothermajortechnicalbarriersforenergydirectivethat"eco-designrequirementsforenergyproductsdirective."Thedirectivefocusesonproductenergyconsumptionofresourcesandtheimpactontheenvironment,focusingonenergy-consumingproductsfromtheentirelifecycletoregulate.Typically,EUPDirectivewillaffectexportswashingmachines,itrequirestheproductfromthedesign,untiltheendoflifemustfollowtherequirementsofenvironmentalprotection,whichmakesalotofsubstandardenterpriseshavebeeneliminated.Astoobtainthedraftamendmentstothe"voice"oftheonlyChinesecompany,Haierwashingmachinesproposedamendmentsareaccepted,alsorepresentsChina'sabilitytodealwithtechnicalbarrierstotradeinprogress.
ZhoushanZhejiangprovinceofproduceoffrozenshrimpwithabigtastefreshwell-knownathomeandabroad,Europeishisyearsoftraditionalmarkets.However,inJanuary2002,azhoushanfrozenshrimpwassuddenlysomeEuropeancompanybackgoods,andclaim,askareason,originallyfromlocalprocuratorialdepartmentsoffrozenshrimpinzhoushanfoundoutthe1billionpointsof0.2gramsofchloramphenicol.Thesurveyfound,linkintheprocessing,peelshrimptobyhand,someworkersbecausesomewokers'fingersitchbearhard,withcontainofchloramphenicolincludingtheitching,theresultswillbechloramphenicolintofrozenshrimp,causeseriousdamage.
2.1.6TheroleofWTO
BecausethescopeoftheWTOinpromotingworldtradeliberalizationandeconomicglobalizationthroughtariffandtradeagreementstomaketheworldasignificantdeclineintarifflevels,greatlycontributedtoworldwidetradeliberalization.Inaddition,WTOisstillinagriculture,textiletrade,securitymeasures,anti-dumpingandcountervailingmeasures,investment,tradeinservices,intellectualpropertyandotheraspectsoftheoperatingmechanismtomakeapro-tradeprovisionsofthedevelopmentoftheseagreementsandtheWTOliberalizationagreementswillimproveandglobaleconomicintegration,theglobaldivisionoflaboranddeepeningofthebroad-baseddevelopment,developmentofinternationaltradetolayastablefoundationfortheforeigntradeinnationaleconomicdevelopmentaremoreimportant.2.1.7TheroleofEUinpromotingtrade.
2.1.7TheroleofEUinpromotingtrade
TheEuropeanUnionrepresentativetheEuropeanUnionandisaneconomicunion,aimstoabolishtariffsandquotasmembers,commontariffsandquotas,limitingfactorsandcoordinationandunityofeconomicpolicyandsystemmovement.Itsetrules,amonitormemberstates,tosolvethedisputebetweenmemberstatesandproblems,andothercountriesorinternationalorganizationsonbehalfofthenegotiationseumembers.TheeuaimstopromotethefreetradeintheEuropeanUnionandsmoothinternalmeasures,includingsimplifiedstateandlocallegislationrulessimpleinternalmarket(slim)andEuropeanbusinesstestboard.Forexample,inOctober16,,theEuropeanUnionandthesouthKoreangovernmentsignedafree-tradeagreement$100billionaftertwoyearsofnegotiationsandtheEuropeanUnionwillliftimporttariffsfromSouthKoreatextileandcarinthenextthreeyears.ThiswillpromotefreetradeandtheEuropeanUnionhavepositiveimpactontheeconomy.
2.2Thebalanceofpaymentsandexchangerate
2.2.1BalanceofPaymentsandGeneraltrendsinUKTrade
A)currentaccountcanbedividedintofourclasses:
tradeingoods,servicestrade,incomeandcurrenttransfer.Fromforeignpositivenetincomecorrespondingtoacurrentaccountsurplus,andnegativenetincomeofforeigncorrespondingtoacurrentaccountdeficit.
Thisisinrecentyearstradestatistics.
HerearethecurrentaccountbalancediagramandthechartoftradeingoodsandservicesintheUKoverthepast20years.
Thecurrentbalancedeficitisusuallyinthepast30years.Britishrecordedcurrent-accountdeficitineveryyearsince1984.Before1984,thecurrent-accountsurplusrecordin1980in1983toin.From1984to1989,thecurrentaccountdeficitsteadilyincreasingreachedahighof25.5billionpounds,equivalentto-4.9%ofthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP).From1990to1997,thecurrentaccountdeficitdowntoalowof1billionpounds.Between1998and2006,thecurrentaccountdeficitwidenedsharply,peakingat43.8billionpounds.Thisiswhenarecordcashuseonlyequaltothegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)-3.3%.Inthepasttwoyears,haveareducethecurrentaccountdeficit-in2008ithasnowreached25.1billion,equivalentto1.7%ofGDP.
Obviously,Britainhadalargedeficittradeofgoodsinthepast30years,thedeficitgreatlyincreasebeer,becomefrom1998in2008toin,theservicetradesurplussteadydevelopment,andnotbecauseoftheobviousdeficits.Tradeingoodsaccountnetearningsrecord1980in1982toin,largelyduetoexportgrowthinthenorthseaoil.Sincethen,however,themerchandisetradeindeficitaccount.Deficitincreasesignificantly,butinthelate1980sto24.7billionpeakin1989,beforenarrowingfromthe1990slevelbetween10billionand14billion.In1998thedeficitjumpedbymorethan9billion,andithassincecontinuedtorise,toacashrecord92.9billionin2008.
TherearetwokindsofdifferentinvestmentcombinationIncome-DirectinvestmentIncomeandIncome.ThedirectinvestmentroutetheprofitsfromtheoverseasincomeoftheUKcompany'sbranchandrelatedcompanies.Andsecuritiesinvestmentincomebondinterestanddividends,overseascompanyofBritainheldandresidents.
Herehasachartoftheincome10years.
Incomepartshowsthepositive