工程英语.docx

工程英语.docx

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工程英语

5ForcesDrivingEducationalChange

Educationalinstitutionsdonotexistinavacuum.Theyareinfluencedbythesocialeventsconstantlyoccurringaroundthem.Recentlyseveraldevelopmentsintheworkplace,changesinstudentdemographics,andtheeconomictrendsareforcingeducationalinstitutionstochange.

DevelopmentsintheWorkplace

Employersareseekingemployeeswhoaretechnologyandinformationliterate.

Theeducationofnewknowledgeworkersrequiresemphasisoninformationaccess,problemsolving,analysis,evaluation,anddecisionmaking.

Rapidchangeanduncertaintyintheworkplaceencouragesemployerstoseekindividualswhoalreadyhavetherequiredskills.Learnersneedfrequentshort-termupdatingasrequiredskillschange.

Theincreasingnumberofpart-timeworkersrequiresmoreflexibleaccesstoeducation.

Thegrowthofknowledgeinanyfieldisrapidlyoutstrippinganyindividual'sabilitytoremaincurrent.Knowinghowtoaccessinformationratherthanmemorizinginformationiscentraltocopingwiththisrapidchange.

Demographics

Trendsshowdecreasingnumbersofyoungerstudentsandincreasingnumbersofolderstudents.

Olderstudentshavemoreoutside-schoolobligationsthatneedtobeconsideredinacademicdelivery.

Growingnumbersofstudentsareworkingpart-timewhileenrolledinfull-timeprograms.Currenteducationaldeliverysystemsdonotmeettheiruniqueneeds.

EconomicPressures

Eachyearenrollmentandoperatingcostsincrease,whilefundingdecreases.

Classroomspacewithincollegesisfullyutilizeddespitethefactthatenrollmentsareexpectedtoincrease.Thereislittleornomoneyforexpansion.

Thefacultyarealreadyworkingashardastheycan.Tryingtogetthefacultytoworkharderwillnotproducegreaterefficiency.

Thereisalimittohowhightuitioncanberaisedbeforestudentsbegintoseeklessexpensivealternatives.

Competition

Privatebusinesshasbeguntoseeprofitpotentialinofferingshort,inexpensivemarket-specifictrainingthatappearstobehighlyrelevanttostudents.Thistrainingdirectlycompeteswithtraditionalcollegeprograms.

AccesstotheInternetallowslearnerstotakecoursesvirtuallyanywhereintheworld.TherearecurrentlyhundredsofcoursesavailablefromaccreditedNorthAmericancollegesinallacademicdisciplines.Geographiclocationisnolongerrelevant.WeareinglobalcompetitionwithallothereducationalprovidersontheNet.

Conclusions

Educationalinstitutionsmustrecognizethattheworldhaschanged.Employersandstudentshaveneedsthatourcurrentdeliverysystemisnotmeeting.Wefacefinancialconstraintsthatwillnotquicklydisappear,aswellasbothglobalandprivatecompetition.Doingmoreofwhatwearecurrentlydoingwillnotsolvetheseproblems.Tosurvivethesechallenges,wemustfindnewwaystodelivereducationtoourstudents.Overthenextfiveyearstheuseoftechnologycombinedwithothermeasureswilldramaticallychangethenatureoftheteaching/learningprocess.

demographics

n.

n.statisticalstudyofpopulations人口统计数据

literate

adj

skilled,proficient熟练的；通晓的

update

v.

togivesomeonethemostrecentinformation提供某人最新信息

outstrip

v.

toexceed,surpass超过

access

v.

toobtainorretrievefromastoragedevice;asofinformationonacomputer取得

workplace

n.

placeofwork工作场所

uncertainty

n.

thequalityofbeingchangeable难以预料；无常；易变

current

adj

belongingtothepresenttime随时了解最新状况

deliver

v.

tocarryoutorperform进行

delivery

n.

delivering,handingover,producingwhatisexpected传送；运载；递交

01

Thisiswhenanorganizationinchargeofsportturnsablindeyetodrugtakingandthereisaresulting_____intheuseofillegaldrugs.Wrong!

（A）

A.explosionB.exposureC.explorationD.expression

02

TheOnlineLearningProgramatTempleUniversityisdesignedtogivestudentsmore______inwhenandhowtheyattendclasses.Right!

（D）

A.choicesB.opportunitiesC.chancesD.flexibility

03

Therearemanysignificantadvantagesto_____yourdegreeonline.Firstandforemostistheopportunityforworkingadultstopursuefurthereducation.Wrong!

（B）

A.getB.gettingC.begettingD.begotten

04）

Learningisrequiredthroughoutourlives-notonlytoremaincompetitiveinjobmarkets,butalsoto_____ourindividualparticipationincultureandsociety.Wrong!

（B）

A.increaseB.enhanceC.developD.keep

05）

Earningyourdegreeisbecominganevenmorecritical_____ofsuccessinmostfieldsthesedays.Wrong!

（D）

A.reasonB.causesC.courseD.component

06）

Eveninaprofessionwhereadegreeisnotnecessary,earningyourdegreegivesyouskillsandacompetitive_____thatwillopendoorstoyourfuture.Wrong!

（D）

A.opportunityB.strengthC.characterD.advantage

07）

Sometimesthecoursesare_____entirelyatadistance,targetedmainlyatstudentswhocannotaccessaconventionaluniversityorcollegecampus.Wrong!

（B）

A.takenB.offeredC.offeringD.attended

08）

Yourkeyboardingspeedshouldallowyoutoparticipate_____“real-time”chatorquestionandanswersessions.Wrong!

（B）

A.onB.inC.forD.to

09）

Nationwide,thenumberofChinesestudentswhoappliedto_____Americangraduateschoolsthisfalldropped45percentcomparedwiththefallof2003.Right!

（C）

A.takeB.joinC.attendD.admit

10）

Peoplewhochooselong-distancelearningareoftenattractedbythevarietyofchoices_____tothem.Wrong!

（D）

A.attractiveB.flexibleC.skepticalD.available

online

adj.

connectedtoandunderthecontrolofacentralprocessor联机的；在线的

point

v.

tomoveanon-screencursorusingamouseorarrowkeys移动光标

click

v.

topressakeyorbuttononakeyboardorthemouse按；击

accredited

adj

officiallyrecognized经鉴定合格的

cyber

adj.

involving,usingorrelatingtocomputers,especiallytheInternet网络的；涉及计算机的

scramble

v.

tostruggleorcompetewithotherseagerlyoragainstdifficulty争夺；抢夺

profile

n.

ashortdescriptionofsomeone'slife,work,character,etc.人物简况

academician

n.

amemberofanart,literary,orscientificacademyorsociety学者；院士；学会会员

champion

v.

tofightfor,supportstronglyordefend（aprinciple,amovement,personetc.）拥护；支持

enhance

v.

toimprovethequality,amountorstrengthofsomething提高；增强；增进

duplicate

v.

tomakeanexactcopyof复制；重复

brainstorming

n.

methodofsolvingproblemsinwhichallthemembersofagroupsuggestideaswhicharethendiscussed群策群力（大家献计献策；通过集体讨论解决问题）

session

n.

thepartofadayduringwhichaschoolholdsclasses上课时间

in-depth

adj.

donecarefullyandingreatdetail,ordiscoveringtherealreasonswhichcausesomething深入的；彻底的；全面的

listserve

n.

serviceontheInternetthatsendsanewsletterorarticlestoalistofregisteredusers专题通信服务器程序

bandwagon

n.

acurrenttrend浪潮；时尚

Schneiderandtwenty-threeotherstudentsparticipatedinPepperdine’sdistanceeducationprogram,apoint-and-clickmethodoflearningthatutilizesinternettechnologyinplaceoftraditionalteachingmethods.

1）西内德尔和其他23个学生参加了皮朴丁大学的远程教育,这是一种“点击”的学习方式,它利用了因特网技术而不是传统的教学方式。

EveryonefromIvyLeagueinstitutionstonewly-accredited“cyberuniversities”arescramblingtomeettheneedsfor“anytime,anywhere”education.2）无论是长青藤大学联盟，还是刚鉴定合格的“网络大学”，它们都争先恐后地力图满足人们对“随时随地”教育的需要。

Vorndamteachescomputer-basedintroductorychemistryclassestonon-sciencemajors,andinsiststhatstudentspuVorndamrsuingcareersinsciencewouldbebetterservedbythetraditionalon-sitecourse.。

3）伍恩达穆给非理科专业的学生讲授以计算机为基础的化学基础课，他坚持认为最好采用传统的课程教学方式教那些将来从事理科职业的学生。

Ifthere'sonethingeveryoneseemstoagreeonit’sthatonlineteachingmethodsarenotashortcut.4）如果真有一个似乎大家都同意的观点的话，那就是在线教学方式并不是捷径。

TheAAUPhastakenaguarded,ifnotaltogetherskeptical,approachtoonlineteaching.Burganadmitsthatsinglecoursesinlimitednumberscanbenefitstudentsandworkingprofessionals,butshedoesn’tthinkwholedegreesshouldbeearnedonlineAAUP

5）对于网络教学，美国大学教授协会持一种即便不完全是怀疑也是一种谨慎的态度。

贝盖承认通过网络修一定量的课程有益于学生和在职人员，但完全靠网络攻读学位则不可取。

3IntroductiontotheScientificMethod

Thescientificmethodistheprocessbywhichscientists,collectivelyandovertime,endeavortoconstructanaccuraterepresentationoftheworld.Recognizingthatpersonalandculturalbeliefsinfluencebothourperceptionsandourinterpretationsofnaturalphenomena,weaimthroughtheuseofstandardproceduresandcriteriatominimizethoseinfluenceswhendevelopingatheory.Asafamousscientistoncesaid,“Smartpeoplecancomeupwithverygoodexplanationsformistakenpointsofview.”Insummary,thescientificmethodattemptstominimizetheinfluenceofbiasorprejudiceintheexperimenterwhentestingahypothesisoratheory.

1.TestingHypotheses

Iftheexperimentsbearoutahypothesisitmaycometoberegardedasatheoryorlawofnature.Whatiskeyinthedescriptionofthescientificmethodisthepredictivepowerofthehypothesisortheory.Itisoftensaidinsciencethattheoriescanneverbeproved,onlydisproved.Thereisalwaysthepossibilitythatanewobservationoranewexperimentwillconflictwithalong-standingtheory.

Experimentaltestsmayleadeithertotheconfirmationortotherulingoutofthehypothesis.Thescientificmethodrequiresthatahypothesisberuledoutormodifiedifitspredictionsareclearlyandrepeatedlyincompatiblewithexperimentaltests.Further,nomatterhowelegantatheoryis,itspredictionsmustagreewithexperimentalresultsifwearetobelievethatitisavaliddescriptionofnature.

Weareallfamiliarwiththeorieswhichhadtobediscardedinthefaceofexperimentalevidence.Inthefieldofastronomy,theearth-centereddescriptionoftheplanetaryorbitswasoverthrownbytheCopernicansystem,inwh