跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记.docx

跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记.docx

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跨文化交际期末复习资料重点笔记

Culture:

Cultureisthetotalaccumulationofbeliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutionsandcommunicationpatternsthatareshared,learnedandpasseddownthroughthegenerationsinanidentifiablegroupofpeople.

ObjectiveCulture:

history,religion,literature,language,food,etiquette,law,andcustoms.

SubjectiveCulture:

feelingsandattitudesabouthowthingsareandhowtheyshouldbe–theconceptoftime,spaces,friendship,love,family,communicationpattern,etc.

Characteristics：

Learned,transmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,basedonsymbols,dynamic,ethnocentric.

DoingCulture:

Itismeanttobeacontrasttolearning“about”cultureunderscorestheideathatcommunicatingacrossculturesisaprocessofmakingmeaning,ofpeopleunderstandingoneanothersotheycangettoknowoneanother,buildrelationships,andsolveproblemstogether.Itshouldnotbewordsonpaper,butideasinpractice.

Communication:

Humancommunicationistheprocessthroughwhichindividuals–inrelationships,groups,organizationsandsocieties–respondtoandcreatemessagestoadapttotheenvironmentandoneanother.

Characteristics:

Dynamicandinteractive

InterculturalCommunication:

Generallyspeaking,itreferstointeractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,suchasinteractionsbetweenpeoplefromAmericaandChina,betweenwhitesandAfricanAmericans,betweenHispanicandJapaneseAmericans

TheformofInterculturalCommunication

a.Interracialcommunication–peoplefromdifferentraces

b.Interethniccommunications–thepartiesareofthesameracebutofdifferentethnicorigins.

c.Interculturalcommunication–communicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture,inwhichoneorbothoftheparticipantsholddualormultiplememberships.（gay,disabled,MexicanAmerican,AfricanAmerican,orfemale）

CommunicationCompetence（ICCcompetence）

Thecognitivecomponent–howmuchoneknowaboutcommunication.

Theaffectivecomponent–one’smotivationtoapproachoravoidcommunication

Thebehaviorcomponent–theskillsonehastointeractcompetently.

Perception:

Perceptionisacognitiveprocessinwhichweattachmeaningtoobjects,symbols,peopleandbehaviorinordertomakesenseofthem.

PatternofThought:

Thewaypeopleinaculturethinkinfluencesthewaytheyinterpretstrangers’messages.

Worldviews:

Thegrid（decentralized.Thispatterndoesnothaveafixedcenter）

Theradiatingstar（highlycentralized.Inthispatternimportantthingsareatthecenterandeverythingelseradiatesoutfromthecenter）

Theinside/outsidepattern（圈子）

femalemale

privatepublic

homemarket,mosque,coffeehouse

theoutsideisplain,notwelcoming,evenforbidding.Thewallsarethicktoprotectwhatisinside.

highlycentralizedpattern:

importantpeoplesitinthefrontmiddle;

decentralizedpattern:

peoplesitequally.

Stereotyping:

Peoplegeneralizetomakesenseofhisexperience.Theresultoftheprocessofovergeneralizingbasedonlimitedorinaccurateinformation.

Theclassificationofstereotypes

1.Negativestereotypeofothercultures:

Prejudice（severeprejudice）

2.Positivestereotypeofone’sownculture:

Culturalsuperiority

Characteristics:

universal,unavoidable,stable,variable,ethnocentrism

Highcontextcommunication&Lowcontextcommunication

HCculture（察言观色）:

Reliesmainlyonthephysicalcontextortherelationshipforinformation,withlittleexplicitlyencoded.

LCculture:

providemostoftheinformationintheexplicitcodeitself.

Perception:

Perceptionisacognitiveprocessinwhichweattachmeaningtoobjects,symbols,peopleandbehaviorinordertomakesenseofthem.

Highcontactandlowcontactculture:

Inhighcontactculturespeoplewanttogetcloseenoughtooneanotherandtoobjectstosensethemintheseways.Peopleinthesecountriesstandcloser,touchmore,engageinmoreeyecontactandspeakmoreloudlythanpeopledoinlower-contactcultures.

Inalowcontactcultures,peoplerelymoreonsight,andespeciallysightatafardistance.People are most likely to stand acertaindistanceawaytogetthewholepicture,withoutactuallyfeelingorsensingtheotherperson’sbodyheatorsubtlesmell. 

SoinlowcontactcultureasAmerica,oneistaughtnottobreatheonpeople.

However,thisvisualspaceseemsunfriendlyandindifferenttothosefromhighcontactcultures,whichfavortactilespace.

Whenapersonfromahighcontactculturegoestoalowcontactculture,heorsheislikelytofeelthatpeoplearecold,lackhumanwarmth,andareindifferentandpaynoattentiontothem.

low-contact:

Asia;moderate-contact:

Australia,NorthernEurope,UnitedStates

high-contact:

SouthAmerica,Mediterranean,theArabworld

LargeandsmellPowerDistances

powerdistanceisanattempttomeasureculturalattitudesaboutinequalityinsocialrelationships.

Inhighpowerdistancecultures,positioninahierarchyisconsideredtobenaturalandimportant.Peopleareexpectedtoshowonlypositiveemotionstootherswithhighstatusandtodisplaynegativeemotionstothosewithlowstatus;tendtodecreasegazeinthepresenceofpowerfulpeople.

LowPowerDistanceCulture:

Minimizeandeliminatethedifferencesinpowerandstatus;moreemotionaldisplay,increasetheamountofgaze.Peoplebelievethatthedifferencesinpowerbetweenbossandworkersshouldbereducedandnotmphasized.

IndividualismVSCollectivism

Theindividualismindexmeasurestheextenttowhichtheinterestsoftheindividualareconsideredtobemoreimportantthantheinterestsofthegroup.Peoplefromindividualistculturesaremorelikelytoactonprinciplesthatapplytoeveryone,principlesthatareuniversalandapplytoassociatesandstrangersalike.

Collectivistsarenotunprincipled,butwhenmakingdecisionstheytendtogiveahigherprioritytorelationshipsthanindividualistsdo.Theyexpectpeoplewhoareinvolvedinagrouprelationshiptohavedutiesandobligationstooneanother.

Masculinity（Toughness）VSFemininity（Tenderness）

Masculinitymeanseveryoneinsocietyembracesvaluesthathavetraditionallybeenassociatedwithmen,thatisassertiveness,competitivenessandtoughness.Onthefemininesideofthescalewefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplegenerallyembracevaluesthathavetraditionallybeenlabeledasfeminine,thatismodesty,cooperationandtenderness.

StrongandweakUncertaintyAvoidance

TheUncertaintyAvoidanceIndexseekstomeasuretheextenttowhichpeopleinaparticularsocietyareabletotoleratetheunknownsoflife.Inhighuncertaintyavoidancecountriespeopleexperiencemorestressandasenseofurgencyastheygothroughtheirdailyroutines.Relationshipsareguidedbystrictrules.Peoplefromlowuncertainlyavoidancecountriesdonothaveastrongneedtocontrolthings,people,andeventsbyclearlydefiningandcategorizingthem.Relationshipsareguidedbystrictrules.

InterculturalCommunication

InterculturalCommunication

Generallyspeaking,itreferstointeractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,suchasinteractionsbetweenpeoplefromAmericaandChina,betweenwhitesandAfricanAmericans,betweenHispanicandJapaneseAmericans

TheformofInterculturalCommunication

a.Interracialcommunication–peoplefromdifferentraces

b.Interethniccommunications–thepartiesareofthesameracebutofdifferentethnicorigins.

c.Intraculturalcommunication–communicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture,inwhichoneorbothoftheparticipantsholddualormultiplememberships.（gay,disabled,MexicanAmerican,AfricanAmerican,orfemale）

Language&Culture

Peoplepayattentiontobasiclanguageincross-culturecommunicationbecauseoftheessentialrolethesecodesplayincommunicationandtheyarepartofobjectculture.

Thesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.Ineasternculture,dogsaredirty,brutalandstupid.Butinwesternculture,dogsarelovely,loyalandobedient.Theyarefaithfulfriendsandcompassionateanimals.

Languagereflectsculture.Languageexpressesculturalreality,reflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.Forexample,Americanbusinessmenoftenencodetheirmeaningsinmetaphorsandimagesfromthesesports.

Chinesetraditionalsportcultureemphasizestheharmonybetweenhumanbeingsandonenessbetweenmanandnature.Itismorality,benevolence,entertainmentandlongevity.Butwesternsportscultureiscompetitionandsportsmanship.

Cultureshock:

Troublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.

U-Curuemodel:

Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation

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