科技英语翻译教案学生版.docx
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科技英语翻译教案学生版
科技英语翻译
科技英语常用句型的翻译
1.表示假设、前提之类的句子
(1)Let△ABCbeanangleof90.
(2)SupposethatarayoflightisdirectedfrombelowthesurfaceinFig.41-1.
(3)InFig.1-3,assumethattheweightofthemembersisnegligible.
Giventhat…Provided/providingthat…Considerthat…
Referto…Take…forgranted
2.表示方程运算的说明文字的翻译
GivenFind/Determine…tobeobtainedProcedure/Solution
DeriveNeglect…/…canbenegligible
…can/couldbewritten(as)…Where…
(1)Given:
ThecantilevertrussshowninFig.5.
Find:
TheexternalrelationsandinternalforcesinmembersL1andL2.
Procedure:
Therollersupportprovidesonlyhorizontalsupport;theotherprovidesaverticalandhorizontalsupport,asshownbelowinthefree-bodydiagram6.
(2)Drawafree-bodydiagramofportionsABandBC.Neglecttheweightofthemembers.
(3)ThereisanequivalencebetweenmassandenergythatwasfirstexpressedbyAlbertEinstein:
E=mc
wheremisthemassofanobject,cisthespeedoflight,andEistheenergyoftheobject.
3.单位的换算
(1)温度
(2)长度与重量
三、机器设备常用说明文字翻译举例
上、下:
左、右:
向前、向后:
顺时针:
逆时针:
手动、自动:
预选:
预置:
遥控(开关):
(电流)导通、断路:
启动、停车:
开、关:
入口、出口:
点火:
电源:
信号灯:
报警:
通气塞:
接地:
自动送进:
纵向、横向:
自动定尺寸:
调整皮带时箭头朝上:
装配时对准记号:
每月加润滑油一次:
此盖打开前切断电源:
警告:
戴防护眼镜:
高压危险:
注意:
如果仪器准备长期不用或电池已用完时应将电池取出:
冠词
一、冠词的一般用法
Ironisametal.
Amagnetinamagneticfieldwillbesubjecttoaforce.
Ifavoltageisappliedacrosstheterminalsofaclosedcircuit,acurrentwillflowinthecircuit.
AmagnethasanSpoleandanNpole.
An18-voltbatterymustbeusedhere.
二、冠词的翻译方法
Acomputerconsistsofseveralunits.
Anexamplefollows.
Here,Xisavariable.
Theproofofthetheoremisverycomplicated.
连词
一、并列连词and
1.and词义的判断方法
(1)当and连接两个名词或两个短语时,一般译为“和”、“与”、“并且”等。
Smallswitchescontrollampsandradios.
Thiscomputerislargeandcomplicated.
(2)当and连接两个动词或两个分句时,译为“并且”、“同时”、“于是”、“从而”、“因此”等。
Inpractice,thetransformerisnotideal,andpowerlossesoccurinit.
Asodiumwirewillburninchlorineandproducesalt.
(3)and在句首起承上启下作用时,可译为“于是”、“那么”、“同时”等;还可表示对比,译为“而”。
Andsomethingunusualhappened.
Certainmaterials,suchassilverandcopper,havemanyfreeelectrons.Andsomematerialshavepracticallynofreeelectrons.
(4)有些情况下,and可以不译出来,特别是当它与go,come,try,pause,stop,stay,write,write,run,send,hurryup等动词连用表示目的时,与后面的动词一起等同于一个动词不定式。
Beforewedothis,weshouldpauseandconsider.
Nowletusgoonestepfurtheranddifferentiatetheunitstepfunction.
Inthissection,wesetdownandillustratesomeoftherulesofBooleanalgebra.
2.判断and连接的成分:
Chapter3introducestheelectrontheoryofmetalsandtheelementsofwavemechanics.
Chemistshavebeenusingthelawsoftheatomandofheattransfertodealwiththereactionstheystudy.
NotethatEq.(5)issimilartoEq.
(2)andthatEq.(6)hasthesameform.
Anotherpointofviewwhichmaybeadopted,andwhichissometimesmoreconvenient,isillustratedinFig.3-5.
二、并列连词or
1.or词义的判断方法
(1)表示选择,译为“或,或者”
Accuracyisexpressedasabsoluteerrororrelativeerror.
(2)表示同位关系,“即,也就是,也就是说,或者说,换句话说”
Thecenter,ornucleus,ofanatomscontainspositivelychargedparticlescalledprotons.
TherearethreemainlawsofmechanicsorthreelawsofNewton.
Thegreatertheresistivity,thegreaterthefieldneededtoestablishagivencurrentdensity,orthesmallerthecurrentdensitycausedbyagivenfield.
(3)表示“否则,要不然”
Computersareparticularlyusefulinsuchsystemsastelemetry,wheresignalsmustbequicklyrecordedorbelost.
Itisimportantforthereadertolearnandunderstandthebasicconceptspresentedhere,orthedevelopmentandtheapplicationsoflatertopicswillbedifficulttocomprehend.
2.or的一个特殊句型:
Rocketsdonotoperateby“pushing”againsttheair,oranythingelse.
动词
一、动词的分类
Inthiscase,theinputgoeslowwhiletheoutputstayshigh.
Intheuniverse,thereappeartobeonlytwokindsofelectriccharge.
Itmustnotbethoughtthateachcollisioncausesthereactionindicated.
Organicsubstancescontaincarbon.
二、代动词
BonesabsorbtheXraysmuchmorethandothesoftskinandmuscletissue.
Ohm’slawappliestoorganictissuesaswellasitdoestowiresandresistors.
Wemightfurtheraskhowlongitwillbebeforethestonehitsthewater.Whenitdoes,itwillbe10mbelowthebridge.
Thenumberofneutronsmayvaryandoftendoes.
三、情态动词的两个特殊句型
1.cannot或“can+scarcely等否定副词”
Indoinganexperiment,onecannotbecarefulenough.
Wecannotemphasizetoostronglythattheprinciplesofchemistryderivefromexperiment.
2.could+动词完成时
Thisequationcouldhavebeensolvedbyfactoring.
Suchaparticlemaybemovingalongastraightpathatconstantspeed.
练习:
一、将下列句子译成汉语,注意冠词的用法。
1.Inthiscase,thecurrent(电流)existsforonlyhalfthecycle(周期).
2.Insuchacasethereisnocurrentflowinginthecircuit(电路).
3.Sensitivity(灵敏度)isameasureofhowsmallasignal(信号)areceiver(接收机)canpickupandamplify(放大)toalevelforcommunications.
4.Nonlineardistortion(非线性失真)canbecausedbytoolargeaninputsignal.
5.Themethodusedisquiteaneffectiveone.
二、将下列句子译成汉语,注意and和or的确切含义。
1.Airhasweightandoccupiesspace.
2.Inthiswaylesscollectordissipation(集电极功耗)results,andtheefficiencyincreases.
3.Wecangoonestepfurtherandtakeintoaccountthenonzeroslopeoftheactualcurves.
4.Thefirststepinanalyzingaphysicalsituationistoselectthoseaspectsofitwhichareessentialanddisregardtheothers.
5.Geothermalenergy,orenergyfromwithintheearth,canbeusedtogenerateelectricity.
6.Inputmaybesuppliedviapunchedpapertapeormagnettape.
三、将下列句子译成汉语,注意动词的类别。
1.Whenanelectriccurrentflowsthroughawire,thewirewillgethot.
2.Thatstatementsoundsnatural.
3.Thewaterinthemiddlepipewillstandlowerandthusindicatesalowerpressure.
4.Ittakesabody(物体)preciselyaslongtofallfromaheighthasitdoestorisethathigh.
5.Wecannotexaggeratethedangerofattemptingashortcircuitdirectlyacrossavoltagesource.
数词
一、不确定的分数表示法
公式:
afew/several+tenths/hundredths/thousandths/millionths…(+of+a/an+单位)
Thevoltageacrossthecapacitorisafewtenthsofavolt.
Thecurrentthroughtheresistorisseveralthousandthsofanampere.
二、表示较小分数值的公式
分子为“基数词+parts”(基数词为1时,则用单数形式part),分母为“ina/one+数词”或“per+数词”。
Theerroris3partsinamillion(=3partspermillion).
Thecapacitancewilldecreaseby750partspermillionpereachdegreeriseintemperature.
三、分数、倍数、百分数修饰名词的句型
1.分数/倍数/百分数+the+名词
2.分数/倍数/百分数+that+后置定语(常为of短语)
3.分数/倍数/百分数+what从句
TheFahrenheitdegreeisonly5/9thesizeoftheCelsiusdegree.
Inthiscasetheriskoflungcancerfallsto30to50percentthatofsmokers.
Atthisangularspeed,themanwillweighfourtimeswhathedoesinhisnormal1genvironment.
四、表示倍数增减的句型
1.ntimes+形容词比较级=ntimes+as+形容词原级as(n表示具体数字)
Thismachineisfivetimesheavierthatthatone.
Thespeedoftheparticlesis5.6ft/sec.Thespeedofthewave,however,is36ft/sec,oversixtimesgreater.
2.increase+(by)ntimes/nfold/byafactorofn(n表示具体数字)
From1990to2000theproductionofcomputerswasincreased(by)sixtimes.
Sincethefirsttransatlantictelephonecablewaslaid,theannualtotaloftelephonecallsbetweenUKandCanadahasincreasedsevenfold.
Inthiscase,itsgainwillbeincreasedbyafactorof5.
代词
一、形容词性物主代词作定语
1.所属关系
Theenergyofabodyisitspowertodowork.
Thesizeandcostofelectronicdeviceshavebeenreduced,andtheirperformance,reliabilityandefficiencyhavebeengreatlyimproved.
2.主表关系
Becauseofitssimplicity,thiscircuitiswidelyusedinpowersupplies.
Waterandcarbondioxideareamongthesubstancesthatabsorbintheinfrared.Theirpresenceintheatmospherehasaninsulatingeffect.
3.主谓关系
(1)被修饰的名词来源于不及物动词
Itisestimatedthatduringthe5billionyearsofitsexistence,thecoreofoursunhasusedabouthalfofitsoriginalsupplyofhydrogen.
Whereverthesehigh-energyparticlescomefrom,theircollisionswiththeatomsofourupperatmospheregiverisetotheformationofshowersofnewparticles.
(2)被修饰的名词来源于及物动词
Thispropertyjustifiesourchoiceoftheaboveconstantaspositive.
Aiken’smachinewaslimitedinspeedbyitsuseofrelaysratherthanelectronicdevices.
4.动宾关系(有时也可看成被动的主谓关系)
Theseequationsarecalleddifferentialequations,andtheirstudyformsoneofthemostchallengingbranchesofmathematics.
Manyscientistshaveworkedatthetheoryofmagnetismsinceitsdiscovery.
Attentionfocusesonthefloatedgyroscopesbecauseoftheirutilizationasanessentialcomponentinballisticmissiles.
二、代词的代后问题
1.形容词性物主代词经常会出现在句首的介词短语中,以代替后面作主语的名词。
Becauseofitscapacitytohandlelargevolumesofdatainaveryshorttime,acomputermaybetheonlymeansofresolvingproblemswhentimeislimited.
Intheirstudyofelectricity,physicistsdefinedtheelectricfieldintensityEatapointinspaceasE=F/q.
2.人称代词出现在主句前的从句中,一般代替后面主句中的主语。
Whentheygothot,allmetalsmelt.
Beforeitcanwork,acomputermustbetoldwhattodo.
Althoughithasbeenalongtimecoming,agreatermarriageofthemonolithicandhybridtechnologiesisinevitable.
3.第一个并列分句或状语从句中的it(一般是主语)可以代替后面一个并列分句或主句的整个含义。
Itcannotbeprovedhere,buttherationalnumbersdonottakeupallthepositionsontheline.
Surprisingasitmayseem,thiswasthefirstdirectverificationoftherealityofmolecules.
练习
一、将下列句子译成汉语,注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法。
1.Thestandardmeterisaccuratetoabouttwopartsinonebillion.
2.Cromatographic(层析的)techniqueshavebeendevelopedtodetectairpollutantsatconcentrations(浓度)ofonepartpermillionorless.
3.Thevolumecoefficient(体膨胀系数)ofasolidisalmostexactlythreetimesitslinearcoefficient.
4