科技英语翻译教案学生版.docx

科技英语翻译教案学生版.docx

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科技英语翻译教案学生版

科技英语翻译

科技英语常用句型的翻译

1.表示假设、前提之类的句子

（1）Let△ABCbeanangleof90.

（2）SupposethatarayoflightisdirectedfrombelowthesurfaceinFig.41-1.

（3）InFig.1-3,assumethattheweightofthemembersisnegligible.

Giventhat…Provided/providingthat…Considerthat…

Referto…Take…forgranted

2.表示方程运算的说明文字的翻译

GivenFind/Determine…tobeobtainedProcedure/Solution

DeriveNeglect…/…canbenegligible

…can/couldbewritten（as）…Where…

（1）Given:

ThecantilevertrussshowninFig.5.

Find:

TheexternalrelationsandinternalforcesinmembersL1andL2.

Procedure:

Therollersupportprovidesonlyhorizontalsupport;theotherprovidesaverticalandhorizontalsupport,asshownbelowinthefree-bodydiagram6.

（2）Drawafree-bodydiagramofportionsABandBC.Neglecttheweightofthemembers.

（3）ThereisanequivalencebetweenmassandenergythatwasfirstexpressedbyAlbertEinstein:

E=mc

wheremisthemassofanobject,cisthespeedoflight,andEistheenergyoftheobject.

3.单位的换算

（1）温度

（2）长度与重量

三、机器设备常用说明文字翻译举例

上、下：

左、右：

向前、向后：

顺时针：

逆时针：

手动、自动：

预选：

预置：

遥控（开关）：

（电流）导通、断路：

启动、停车：

开、关：

入口、出口：

点火：

电源：

信号灯：

报警：

通气塞：

接地：

自动送进：

纵向、横向：

自动定尺寸：

调整皮带时箭头朝上：

装配时对准记号：

每月加润滑油一次：

此盖打开前切断电源：

警告：

戴防护眼镜：

高压危险：

注意：

如果仪器准备长期不用或电池已用完时应将电池取出：

冠词

一、冠词的一般用法

Ironisametal.

Amagnetinamagneticfieldwillbesubjecttoaforce.

Ifavoltageisappliedacrosstheterminalsofaclosedcircuit,acurrentwillflowinthecircuit.

AmagnethasanSpoleandanNpole.

An18-voltbatterymustbeusedhere.

二、冠词的翻译方法

Acomputerconsistsofseveralunits.

Anexamplefollows.

Here,Xisavariable.

Theproofofthetheoremisverycomplicated.

连词

一、并列连词and

1.and词义的判断方法

（1）当and连接两个名词或两个短语时，一般译为“和”、“与”、“并且”等。

Smallswitchescontrollampsandradios.

Thiscomputerislargeandcomplicated.

（2）当and连接两个动词或两个分句时，译为“并且”、“同时”、“于是”、“从而”、“因此”等。

Inpractice,thetransformerisnotideal,andpowerlossesoccurinit.

Asodiumwirewillburninchlorineandproducesalt.

（3）and在句首起承上启下作用时，可译为“于是”、“那么”、“同时”等；还可表示对比，译为“而”。

Andsomethingunusualhappened.

Certainmaterials,suchassilverandcopper,havemanyfreeelectrons.Andsomematerialshavepracticallynofreeelectrons.

（4）有些情况下，and可以不译出来，特别是当它与go,come,try,pause,stop,stay,write,write,run,send,hurryup等动词连用表示目的时，与后面的动词一起等同于一个动词不定式。

Beforewedothis,weshouldpauseandconsider.

Nowletusgoonestepfurtheranddifferentiatetheunitstepfunction.

Inthissection,wesetdownandillustratesomeoftherulesofBooleanalgebra.

2.判断and连接的成分：

Chapter3introducestheelectrontheoryofmetalsandtheelementsofwavemechanics.

Chemistshavebeenusingthelawsoftheatomandofheattransfertodealwiththereactionstheystudy.

NotethatEq.（5）issimilartoEq.

（2）andthatEq.（6）hasthesameform.

Anotherpointofviewwhichmaybeadopted,andwhichissometimesmoreconvenient,isillustratedinFig.3-5.

二、并列连词or

1.or词义的判断方法

（1）表示选择，译为“或，或者”

Accuracyisexpressedasabsoluteerrororrelativeerror.

（2）表示同位关系，“即，也就是，也就是说，或者说，换句话说”

Thecenter,ornucleus,ofanatomscontainspositivelychargedparticlescalledprotons.

TherearethreemainlawsofmechanicsorthreelawsofNewton.

Thegreatertheresistivity,thegreaterthefieldneededtoestablishagivencurrentdensity,orthesmallerthecurrentdensitycausedbyagivenfield.

（3）表示“否则，要不然”

Computersareparticularlyusefulinsuchsystemsastelemetry,wheresignalsmustbequicklyrecordedorbelost.

Itisimportantforthereadertolearnandunderstandthebasicconceptspresentedhere,orthedevelopmentandtheapplicationsoflatertopicswillbedifficulttocomprehend.

2.or的一个特殊句型：

Rocketsdonotoperateby“pushing”againsttheair,oranythingelse.

动词

一、动词的分类

Inthiscase,theinputgoeslowwhiletheoutputstayshigh.

Intheuniverse,thereappeartobeonlytwokindsofelectriccharge.

Itmustnotbethoughtthateachcollisioncausesthereactionindicated.

Organicsubstancescontaincarbon.

二、代动词

BonesabsorbtheXraysmuchmorethandothesoftskinandmuscletissue.

Ohm’slawappliestoorganictissuesaswellasitdoestowiresandresistors.

Wemightfurtheraskhowlongitwillbebeforethestonehitsthewater.Whenitdoes,itwillbe10mbelowthebridge.

Thenumberofneutronsmayvaryandoftendoes.

三、情态动词的两个特殊句型

1．cannot或“can+scarcely等否定副词”

Indoinganexperiment,onecannotbecarefulenough.

Wecannotemphasizetoostronglythattheprinciplesofchemistryderivefromexperiment.

2．could+动词完成时

Thisequationcouldhavebeensolvedbyfactoring.

Suchaparticlemaybemovingalongastraightpathatconstantspeed.

练习：

一、将下列句子译成汉语，注意冠词的用法。

1.Inthiscase,thecurrent（电流）existsforonlyhalfthecycle（周期）.

2.Insuchacasethereisnocurrentflowinginthecircuit（电路）.

3.Sensitivity（灵敏度）isameasureofhowsmallasignal（信号）areceiver（接收机）canpickupandamplify（放大）toalevelforcommunications.

4.Nonlineardistortion（非线性失真）canbecausedbytoolargeaninputsignal.

5.Themethodusedisquiteaneffectiveone.

二、将下列句子译成汉语，注意and和or的确切含义。

1.Airhasweightandoccupiesspace.

2.Inthiswaylesscollectordissipation（集电极功耗）results,andtheefficiencyincreases.

3.Wecangoonestepfurtherandtakeintoaccountthenonzeroslopeoftheactualcurves.

4.Thefirststepinanalyzingaphysicalsituationistoselectthoseaspectsofitwhichareessentialanddisregardtheothers.

5.Geothermalenergy,orenergyfromwithintheearth,canbeusedtogenerateelectricity.

6.Inputmaybesuppliedviapunchedpapertapeormagnettape.

三、将下列句子译成汉语，注意动词的类别。

1.Whenanelectriccurrentflowsthroughawire,thewirewillgethot.

2.Thatstatementsoundsnatural.

3.Thewaterinthemiddlepipewillstandlowerandthusindicatesalowerpressure.

4.Ittakesabody（物体）preciselyaslongtofallfromaheighthasitdoestorisethathigh.

5.Wecannotexaggeratethedangerofattemptingashortcircuitdirectlyacrossavoltagesource.

数词

一、不确定的分数表示法

公式：

afew/several+tenths/hundredths/thousandths/millionths…（+of+a/an+单位）

Thevoltageacrossthecapacitorisafewtenthsofavolt.

Thecurrentthroughtheresistorisseveralthousandthsofanampere.

二、表示较小分数值的公式

分子为“基数词+parts”（基数词为1时，则用单数形式part），分母为“ina/one+数词”或“per+数词”。

Theerroris3partsinamillion（=3partspermillion）.

Thecapacitancewilldecreaseby750partspermillionpereachdegreeriseintemperature.

三、分数、倍数、百分数修饰名词的句型

1．分数/倍数/百分数+the+名词

2．分数/倍数/百分数+that+后置定语（常为of短语）

3．分数/倍数/百分数+what从句

TheFahrenheitdegreeisonly5/9thesizeoftheCelsiusdegree.

Inthiscasetheriskoflungcancerfallsto30to50percentthatofsmokers.

Atthisangularspeed,themanwillweighfourtimeswhathedoesinhisnormal1genvironment.

四、表示倍数增减的句型

1．ntimes+形容词比较级=ntimes+as+形容词原级as（n表示具体数字）

Thismachineisfivetimesheavierthatthatone.

Thespeedoftheparticlesis5.6ft/sec.Thespeedofthewave,however,is36ft/sec,oversixtimesgreater.

2．increase+（by）ntimes/nfold/byafactorofn（n表示具体数字）

From1990to2000theproductionofcomputerswasincreased（by）sixtimes.

Sincethefirsttransatlantictelephonecablewaslaid,theannualtotaloftelephonecallsbetweenUKandCanadahasincreasedsevenfold.

Inthiscase,itsgainwillbeincreasedbyafactorof5.

代词

一、形容词性物主代词作定语

1.所属关系

Theenergyofabodyisitspowertodowork.

Thesizeandcostofelectronicdeviceshavebeenreduced,andtheirperformance,reliabilityandefficiencyhavebeengreatlyimproved.

2．主表关系

Becauseofitssimplicity,thiscircuitiswidelyusedinpowersupplies.

Waterandcarbondioxideareamongthesubstancesthatabsorbintheinfrared.Theirpresenceintheatmospherehasaninsulatingeffect.

3.主谓关系

（1）被修饰的名词来源于不及物动词

Itisestimatedthatduringthe5billionyearsofitsexistence,thecoreofoursunhasusedabouthalfofitsoriginalsupplyofhydrogen.

Whereverthesehigh-energyparticlescomefrom,theircollisionswiththeatomsofourupperatmospheregiverisetotheformationofshowersofnewparticles.

（2）被修饰的名词来源于及物动词

Thispropertyjustifiesourchoiceoftheaboveconstantaspositive.

Aiken’smachinewaslimitedinspeedbyitsuseofrelaysratherthanelectronicdevices.

4.动宾关系（有时也可看成被动的主谓关系）

Theseequationsarecalleddifferentialequations,andtheirstudyformsoneofthemostchallengingbranchesofmathematics.

Manyscientistshaveworkedatthetheoryofmagnetismsinceitsdiscovery.

Attentionfocusesonthefloatedgyroscopesbecauseoftheirutilizationasanessentialcomponentinballisticmissiles.

二、代词的代后问题

1．形容词性物主代词经常会出现在句首的介词短语中，以代替后面作主语的名词。

Becauseofitscapacitytohandlelargevolumesofdatainaveryshorttime,acomputermaybetheonlymeansofresolvingproblemswhentimeislimited.

Intheirstudyofelectricity,physicistsdefinedtheelectricfieldintensityEatapointinspaceasE=F/q.

2．人称代词出现在主句前的从句中，一般代替后面主句中的主语。

Whentheygothot,allmetalsmelt.

Beforeitcanwork,acomputermustbetoldwhattodo.

Althoughithasbeenalongtimecoming,agreatermarriageofthemonolithicandhybridtechnologiesisinevitable.

3．第一个并列分句或状语从句中的it（一般是主语）可以代替后面一个并列分句或主句的整个含义。

Itcannotbeprovedhere,buttherationalnumbersdonottakeupallthepositionsontheline.

Surprisingasitmayseem,thiswasthefirstdirectverificationoftherealityofmolecules.

练习

一、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法。

1.Thestandardmeterisaccuratetoabouttwopartsinonebillion.

2.Cromatographic（层析的）techniqueshavebeendevelopedtodetectairpollutantsatconcentrations（浓度）ofonepartpermillionorless.

3.Thevolumecoefficient（体膨胀系数）ofasolidisalmostexactlythreetimesitslinearcoefficient.

4