品质英语字典.docx

品质英语字典.docx

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品质英语字典

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZQuirkyQualityDictionary

A

AcademicQualityImprovementProject（AQIP）:

Aforumforinstitutionstorevieweachother'sactionprojects.

Acceptablequalitylevel（AQL）:

Inacontinuingseriesoflots,aqualitylevelthat,forthepurposeofsamplinginspection,isthelimitofsatisfactoryprocessaverage.

Acceptancenumber:

Themaximumnumberofdefectsordefectivesallowableinasamplinglotforthelottobeacceptable.

Acceptancesampling:

Inspectionofasamplefromalottodecidewhethertoacceptthatlot.Therearetwotypes:

attributessamplingandvariablessampling.Inattributessampling,thepresenceorabsenceofacharacteristicisnotedineachoftheunitsinspected.Invariablessampling,thenumericalmagnitudeofacharacteristicismeasuredandrecordedforeachinspectedunit;thisinvolvesreferencetoacontinuousscaleofsomekind.

Acceptancesamplingplan:

Aspecificplanthatindicatesthesamplingsizesandassociatedacceptanceornonacceptancecriteriatobeused.Inattributessampling,forexample,therearesingle,double,multiple,sequential,chainandskip-lotsamplingplans.Invariablessampling,therearesingle,doubleandsequentialsamplingplans.（Fordetaileddescriptionsoftheseplans,seethestandardANSI/ISO/ASQA3534-2,Statistics—VocabularyandSymbols—StatisticalQualityControl.）

Accreditation:

Certificationbyadulyrecognizedbodyofthefacilities,capability,objectivity,competenceandintegrityofanagency,service,oroperationalgrouporindividualtoprovidethespecificserviceoroperationneeded.

Accuracy:

Thecharacteristicofameasurementthattellshowcloseanobservedvalueistoatruevalue.

Actionplan:

Aspecificmethodorprocesstoachievetheresultscalledforbyoneormoreobjectives.Maybeasimplerversionofaprojectplan.

Activitynetworkdiagram:

Anarrowdiagramusedinplanningandmanagingprocessesandprojects.

AdvancedProductQualityPlanning（APQP）:

SegmentofQS-9000processthatusestoolstooffertheopportunitytogetaheadofproblemsandsolvethembeforetheproblemsaffectthecustomer.

Affinitydiagram:

Amanagementtoolusedtoorganizeinformation（usuallygatheredduringabrainstormingactivity）.

Alignment:

Theactionstakentoensureaprocessoractivitysupportstheorganization'sstrategy,goalsandobjectives.

AmericanAssociationforLaboratoryAccreditation（A2LA）:

Anorganizationthatformallyrecognizesanotherorganization'scompetencytoperformspecifictests,typesoftestsorcalibrations.

AmericanCustomerSatisfactionIndex（ACSI）:

ReleasedforthefirsttimeinOctober1994,aneconomicindicatorandcrossindustrymeasureofthesatisfactionofU.S.householdcustomerswiththequalityofthegoodsandservicesavailabletothem—boththosegoodsandservicesproducedwithintheUnitedStatesandthoseprovidedasimportsfromforeignfirmsthathavesubstantialmarketsharesordollarsales.TheACSIisco-sponsoredbytheUniversityofMichiganBusinessSchool,ASQandtheCFIGroup.

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute（ANSI）:

ANSIisaprivate,nonprofitorganizationthatadministersandcoordinatestheU.S.voluntarystandardizationandconformityassessmentsystem.ItistheUnitedStates'memberbodyintheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization,knownasISO.

AmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting（ASNT）:

Theworld'slargesttechnicalsocietyfornondestructivetesting（NDT）professionals.

AmericanSocietyforQuality（ASQ）:

Aprofessional,not-for-profitassociationthatdevelops,promotesandappliesqualityrelatedinformationandtechnologyfortheprivatesector,governmentandacademia.TheSocietyservesmorethan108,000individualsand1,100corporatemembersintheUnitedStatesand108othercountries.

AmericanSocietyforQualityControl（ASQC）:

NameoftheSocietyfrom1946throughthemiddleof1997;thenchangedtoASQ.

AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials（ASTM）:

Not-for-profitorganizationthatprovidesaforumforthedevelopmentandpublicationofvoluntaryconsensusstandardsformaterials,products,systemsandservices.

AmericanSocietyforTrainingandDevelopment（ASTD）:

Amembershiporganizationprovidingmaterials,educationandsupportrelatedtoworkplacelearningandperformance.

Americanstandardcodeforinformationinterchange（ASCII）:

BasiccomputercharactersacceptedbyallAmericanmachinesandmanyforeignones.

Analysisofmeans（ANOM）:

Astatisticalprocedurefortroubleshootingindustrialprocessesandanalyzingtheresultsofexperimentaldesignswithfactorsatfixedlevels.Itprovidesagraphicaldisplayofdata.EllisR.Ottdevelopedtheprocedurein1967becauseheobservedthatnonstatisticianshaddifficultyunderstandinganalysisofvariance.Analysisofmeansiseasierforqualitypractitionerstousebecauseitisanextensionofthecontrolchart.In1973,EdwardG.Schillingfurtherextendedtheconcept,enablinganalysisofmeanstobeusedwithnon-normaldistributionsandattributesdatawherethenormalapproximationtothebinomialdistributiondoesnotapply.Thisisreferredtoasanalysisofmeansfortreatmenteffects.

Analysisofvariance（ANOVA）:

Abasicstatisticaltechniqueforanalyzingexperimentaldata.Itsubdividesthetotalvariationofadatasetintomeaningfulcomponentpartsassociatedwithspecificsourcesofvariationinordertotestahypothesisontheparametersofthemodelortoestimatevariancecomponents.Therearethreemodels:

fixed,randomandmixed.

Appraisalcost:

Thecostinvolvedinensuringanorganizationiscontinuallystrivingtoconformtocustomers'qualityrequirements.

Arrowdiagram:

Aplanningtooltodiagramasequenceofeventsoractivities（nodes）andtheinterconnectivityofsuchnodes.Itisusedforschedulingandespeciallyfordeterminingthecriticalpaththroughnodes.

AS9100:

AninternationalqualitymanagementstandardfortheaerospaceindustrypublishedbytheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineers;alsopublishedbyotherorganizationsworldwide,asEN9100inEuropeandJISQ9100inJapan.ThestandardiscontrolledbytheInternationalAerospaceQualityGroup（seelisting）.

Assessment:

Asystematicprocessofcollectingandanalyzingdatatodeterminethecurrent,historicalorprojectedstatusofanorganization.

Assignablecause:

Anameforthesourceofvariationinaprocessthatisnotduetochanceandthereforecanbeidentifiedandeliminated.Alsocalled"specialcause."

AssociationforQualityandParticipation（AQP）:

AffiliateorganizationoftheAmericanSocietyforQuality（ASQ）dedicatedtoimprovingworkplacesthroughqualityandparticipationpractices.

Attributedata:

Go/no-goinformation.Thecontrolchartsbasedonattributedataincludepercentchart,numberofaffectedunitschart,countchart,countperunitchart,qualityscorechartanddemeritchart.

Attributes,methodof:

Measurementofqualitybythemethodofattributesconsistsofnotingthepresence（orabsence）ofsomecharacteristic（attribute）ineachoftheunitsunderconsiderationandcountinghowmanyunitsdo（ordonot）possessit.Example:

go/no-gogaugingofadimension.

Audit:

Theinspectionandexaminationofaprocessorqualitysystemtoensurecompliancetorequirements.Anauditcanapplytoanentireorganizationormaybespecifictoafunction,processorproductionstep.

AutomotiveIndustryActionGroup（AIAG）:

TheoriginatorandsolesourceoftheQS-9000seriesofstandards.ASQ'sAutomotiveDivisionmaintainsaliaisontothisgroup.

Availability:

Theabilityofaproducttobeinastatetoperformitsdesignatedfunctionunderstatedconditionsatagiventime.

Averagechart:

Acontrolchartinwhichthesubgroupaverage,X-bar,isusedtoevaluatethestabilityoftheprocesslevel.

Averageoutgoingquality（AOQ）:

Theexpectedaveragequalitylevelofoutgoingproductforagivenvalueofincomingproductquality.

Averageoutgoingqualitylimit（AOQL）:

Themaximumaverageoutgoingqualityoverallpossiblelevelsofincomingqualityforagivenacceptancesamplingplananddisposalspecification.

Averagerunlengths（ARL）:

Onacontrolchart,thenumberofsubgroupsexpectedtobeinspectedbeforeashiftinmagnitudetakesplace.

Averagesamplenumber（ASN）:

Theaveragenumberofsampleunitsinspectedperlotinreachingdecisionstoacceptorreject.

Averagetotalinspection（ATI）:

Theaveragenumberofunitsinspectedperlot,includingallunitsinrejectedlots（applicablewhentheprocedurecallsfor100%inspectionofrejectedlots）.

Returntotop

B

BaldrigeAward:

See"MalcolmBaldrigeNationalQualityAward."

Baselinemeasurement:

Thebeginningpoint,basedonanevaluationoftheoutputoveraperiodoftime,usedtodeterminetheprocessparameterspriortoanyimprovementeffort;thebasisagainstwhichchangeismeasured.

Benchmarking:

Animprovementprocessinwhichacompanymeasuresitsperformanceagainstthatofbestinclasscompanies,determineshowthosecompaniesachievedtheirperformancelevelsandusestheinformationtoimproveitsownperformance.Thesubjectsthatcanbebenchmarkedincludestrategies,operations,processesandprocedures.

Benefit-costanalysis:

Anexaminationoftherelationshipbetweenthemonetarycostofimplementinganimprovementandthemonetaryvalueofthebenefitsachievedbytheimprovement,bothwithinthesametimeperiod.

Bestpractice:

Asuperiormethodorinnovativepracticethatcontributestotheimprovedperformanceofanorganization,usuallyrecognizedas"best"byotherpeerorganizations.

BigQ,LittleQ:

Atermusedtocontrastthedifferencebetweenmanagingforqualityinallbusinessprocessesandproducts（