非谓语动词.docx

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非谓语动词.docx

非谓语动词

四.不定式

不定式是非谓语动词的一种类型,有两种形式:

带to和省to。

用法

A.做名词用:

a.作主语

1)to+V原形

Toknowoneselfisdifficult.

Togetupearlymakesushealthy.

注:

以不定式作主语,动词用单数形式;也可用“it”作“形式主语”,把真正的主语放在句尾,如:

Totellalieiswrong.

=Itiswrongtotellalie.

2)Itis+adj+for/of+N+to+V原形

Itisdifficultforhimtodoso.

Itisimpossibleforhimtogiveupsmoking.

Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.

Itisfoolishofthemtomakesuchamistake.

注:

句型中的it为形式主语,真正的主语为to+V。

for多与事物有关的非人称形容词连用:

possible,impossible,important,necessary,essential,convenient,difficult,hard,easy,useless.

而of多用于和人相关的评价词语中:

kind,wise,good,polite,right,clever,wrong,cruel,stupid,foolish,impolite.

b.作宾语

1)S+V1+to+V2原形

不定式作及物动词的宾语时,该及物动词通常是表示“意愿”、“企图”等动词。

常用的有下列几个:

want,like,hope,wish,desire,intend,expect,plan,decide,try,manage等。

Iwanttoseeher.

Shehopestomeetherboyfriend.

Frankintendedtogotothemovies.

注:

否定形式为:

S+V1+not+to+V2.

Wedesirenottogoshoppingnow.

2)S+V1+宾语+to+V2原形

此句型多用以下动词:

a.表示“命令、忠告”:

wish,want,like,ask,tell,teach,advise,beg,allow,order,expect等。

b.表示“判断”:

think,believe,suppose等。

Iwanthertodothedifficultwork.

Theyallowedmetofishhere.

Itoldyounottodoit.

3)S+V+(O)+疑问词+to+V原形

疑问词包括:

when,where,how,what,which,whether等。

Idon’trememberwhentoendthisclass.

Josephtaughtushowtopronouncethisword.

注:

a.how,when,where为疑问副词,不可作宾语,适用公式为:

how/where/when+to+Vi/Vt+O

Wouldyoutellmehowtoenterthisbuilding?

b.what,which,whom为疑问代词,可以作宾语,适用公式为:

what/which/whom+to+Vi/Vt(无需加宾语)

Iforgetwhattodointhenextworkingperiod.

c.疑问词+to+V原形可作主、宾或表语:

Wheretoparkthecarisstillaproblem.

Iamlearningwhentoaskaquestioninpropersituations.

Anotherproblemishowtopasstheoraltest.

4)S+V1+it+Adj/N+to+V2原形

句中主动词通常为:

find,think,believe,consider,make,take,regard等。

IfyouworkhardatEnglishpronunciation,youwillfinditsweettospeakit.

Weconsideritaruletorespecttheeldersandthelearned.

c.作补语

有两种形式:

a.主语补语

Toseeistobelieve.

MywishistohelpthepoorinAmerica.

b.宾语补语

Weallthinkhertobehonest.

Iexpecthertomarryme,notanyoneelse.

D.作形容词用

1)N+toVt/Vi+介词

Itisthebestwaytoarriveatthedestination.

Manypoorpeoplehavefewhousestolivein.

Ihavenopentowritewith.

Sheislookingforachairtositin.

注:

a.作形容词用的不定式,如果修饰宾语时,Vi要加介词。

b.be动词后面的不定式可表示“未来、预定、义务”等含义.

Themeetingistobeheldtomorrow.

WearetogetmarriedthisMay.

E.作副词用

1)表示目的

句型a:

to/inorderto/soasto+V原形

=withaneyeto/withaviewto+V-ing

=that/sothat/inorderthat+S+may/might+V原形

=forthepurposeof+V-ing

含义:

为了,以便

Icometomeetyou.

=Icomeinordertomeetyou.

=IcomeinorderthatImay/canmeetyou.

=Icomeforthepurposeofmeetingyou.

注:

a.此类用法的不定式短语,通常放在动词之后,也可置于句首,但需要用逗号隔开。

Sheclosedthedoorinordertokeepwarm.

=Inordertokeepwarm,sheclosedthedoor.

b.不定式之前有only时,表示“反意的结果”。

Stevensonlovedheronlytodivorce.

句型b.notto/inordernotto/soasnotto+V原形

=lest/forfear/incasethat+S+should

=that/sothat/inorderthat+S+may/might+not+V原形

=forfearofV-ing/N

含义:

为了不,以便不

Theywentawaynottomeether.

=Theywentawayinordernottomeether.

=Theywentawayinorderthattheycouldnotmeether.

=Theywentawaylesttheymeether.

=Theywentawayforfearofmeetingher.

2)表示结果

句型a:

so+adj/adv+astoV原形/that+S+can/could+V原形。

=adj/adv+enoughto+V原形

含义:

如此---以至于

JohnworkedsohardatEnglishtopasstoentranceexamination.

=Johnworkedsohardthathecouldpassentranceexamination.

=Johnworkedhardenoughtopassentranceexamination.

句型b:

too+adj/adv+to原形

=so+adj/advthatS+cannot+V原形

=not+adj/adv+enoughto+V原形

含义:

太---以至不能

Iamtoobusytoplaywithyou.

=IamsobusythatIcan’tplaywithyou.

=Iamnotleisureenoughtoplaywithyou.

注:

a.如果强调某人,可用句型:

too+adj/adv+for+sb+toV原形

Thisfilmistoodifficultformetounderstand.

也可用句型:

too+adj/adv+for+N/V-ing

Thesceneryistoobeautifulforword.

Heistooshortforthatjob.

b.too之前加有only时,意为“very”,且多置于happy,glad,pleased等之前。

WeareonlytoopleasedtolearnEnglishwithMary.

c.too之后有ready,apt,liable,inclined,easy等形容词时,理解为“非常---”。

ThomaswastooinclinedtoreadEnglishbeforesleep.

句型c:

not/nevertoo+adj/adv+to+V原形

含义:

不至于太---而不能

Itisnottoolatetofightthepollution.(防治污染是不会太迟的。

句型d:

too---notto

含义:

太---不会不

Sheistooseriousnottotakeisforgranted.

F.省略to的不定式

1)感官动词

主动形式的感官动词常用下列句型:

see/watch/feel/notice等+S+V原形

Isawhimswimrunaroundthebuilding.

注:

a.此类动词还有:

lookat,listento.V原形表示该动作已经结束或经常发生。

b.该句型中主语后面的动词还可以用另外两种形式:

V-ing---表主动,说明动作正在进行;V过去分词---表被动。

WhenIarrivedhome,Ihearagirlsinginginthenextroom.

Iheardmynamecalledonmywayhome.

c.感官动词如用于被动语态,其后应该加to。

Thethiefwasarrested,buthestilldidknowthatwhenheenteredtheoffice,hewasseentoenterit.

2)使役动词

使役动词的宾语如果是表示“发出动作”,用V原形;如果表示“接受动作”,则用V。

过去分词;而V-ing表示在某一个阶段或时间让某人做某事。

句型如下:

have/make/let+S+V原形/V-ing/(be)V过去分词。

Don’tworry.IwillhaveTomgoovertohelpyou.

Iamtoobusytohavemywashingmachinerepaired.

Thehorsewasmadeworkingfromdaytonight.

注:

1)用let时,其后的宾语如果是被动,需要在过去分词前加be动词。

LettheprojectbedonebyHank.

2)make用于被动语态时,后加to+V。

Beforeliberation,manyfarmersaremadetowonderfromheretothere.

3)help之后的to通常省去。

MissWangoftenhelpsmelearnChinese.

3)惯用短语

下列短语之后须接省to的动词不定式:

hadbetter(最好),would/hadrather(宁愿),maywell(可以),may/mightaswell(不妨,倒不如),donothingbut/cannotbut(只能,不得不),all(S)havetodois(to)---(S所要做的是---)。

Youhadbetternotgothere.

Iwouldratherdiethandoit.

Hedoesnothingbutplayallday.

Icannotbutlaugh.

Hemaywellsayso.

Youmayaswellknowthetruth.

All(that)Ihavetodois(to)takearest.

=WhatIhavetodois(to)takearest.

Ifhepersistsinlaziness,hemightaswellwithdrawfromschool.

注:

a.wouldrather+V原形than+V原形

b.donothingbut+V原形;havenochoicebut+to+V原形

c.donothingbut中,如果do改换成其它动词,but之后的形式要根据该动词才能确定。

IdesiresnothingbuttolearnmorethingsabouttheEnglishlanguage.

Shealwaysthinksofnothingbutlivingaleisurelife.

Weallavoidnothingbutbeingseenbytheenemyinfrontofus.

d.省略to后面的动词部分,其目的是要避免动词重复的出现,但要保留符号to(以表示该处原来有一个不定式结构),如:

Iaskedhimtogotothemovies,buthedidn'twantto(gotothemovies)

Hewantedtohelpusbuthewasnotableto.

WillyouvisitNewYorksomeday?

--I'dliketo.│

G.不定式的时态

句型:

1.S+V1+to+V2/have+V2过去分词

to+V表示与V1同时发生;have+V2过去分词表示先于V1发生。

Heseemstobewellnow.

HeseemstohavebeentoBeijing.

Hello,nicetomeetyou.

Nicetohavemetyou.Seeyounexttime.

Theshipissupposedtohaveleftanhourago.

注:

此类动词V1有:

seem,appear,say,believe,think,suppose,beglad/sorry等。

2.S+V1一般现在时+to+V2原形

3.S+V1过去式+to+have+V2过去分词

句型2表示希望、打算、期待,V2尚未发生;句型3表示没有变成现实的希望、打算、期待。

此类V1主要有:

希望---hope,wish,want;打算---mean,intend,plan;期待---expect;许诺---promise.

Ihopetomeetyouoncemore.

Ihopedtohavecompletedthisproject.

Iexpectedtohavemarriedyou.

H.不定式的语态

1.to+V主动

2.to+be+V被动

Nooneintheworldlikestobelaughedat,butmanypeopleliketolaughatothers.

Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappinessonearth.

注:

a.下列形式主动表被动:

Theshopistolet.

Heshouldbetoblameforwhathehasdone.

b.在形容词之后的不定式须用主动形式,表被动。

ThisEnglishnovelisdifficulttoread,evenfortheEnglishnatives.

Dericisnoteasytogetalongwith.

I.to+V原形构成的惯用语

tosumup

总之

strangetosay

说来奇怪

tobesure

的确

sadtosay

遗憾的是

tobebrief

简而言之

needlesstosay

无需说

tobeginwith

首先

sotospeak

所谓

totellthetruth

老实说

nottomention

更不用说

tomakemattersworse

更麻烦的是

todoonejustice

公平而言

tobefrank

坦白地说

toone’ssorrow/grief

令人悲伤的是

toone’sjoy/delight/pleasure

令人高兴的是

toone’sdisappointment

令人失望的是

toone’sregret

令人后悔的是

toone’sembarrasment

令人难堪的是

五.分词

分词有两种形式和意义:

现在分词---V-ing主动、进行

过去分词---V-p.p被动、完成

比较:

asmilingbaby/abrokenheart

adevelopingnation/adevelopednation

Iaminterestedinthisinterestingmagazine.

Theshockingnewsmadeallofussurprised.

用法

1.作主动词

该用法有三种形式:

1)be+V-ing:

进行时

Whatisthematter?

Iambathing.

Whentheycalledmelastnight,itwasrainingcatsanddogs.

2)be+Vp.p:

被动语态

Thewindowwasbrokenbyaboy.

3)have/has/had+Vp.p:

完成时

Timshasfallenasleepwhenthisfilmends.

Beforeyouconfessedtome,Ihadknownthereasonforthisaccident.

2.作形容词用,修饰名词

1)位于名词之前。

Arollingstonegathersnomoss.

Alostchancewillnevercomeback.

2)位于名词之后。

此类用法多由关系从句转变而来,且通常有词主伴随。

Idon’tunderstandthegirlstandinginfrontofthecar.

=Idon’tunderstandthegirlwhoisstandinginfrontofthecar.

TheEnglishbecomesthelanguagespokenmostwidelyintheworld.

=TheEnglishbecomesthelanguagethatisspokenmostwidelyintheworld.

3作补语

1)作主语补语

此类用法既可用在go,come,lie,sit,stand之后,也可用在连系动词之后,如seem,appear,look,sound,feel,smell,get,become,remain等。

Thegirlalwayssitstherereadingbookswhichisunknowntome.

Thecatcamecryingtome.

TheEnglishteachersattheresurroundedbyherstudents.

Hearingthenews,Idon’tfeeldisappointedanymore.

注:

a.连系动词之后的现在分词说明主语(事/物)的客观性质;过去分词说明主语(人)的主观心理感受。

b.部分动词的过去分词或现在分词有时为固定用法,须注意:

Thatwomandressed/dressingherselfinpurpleismymother.

ThetimeIarrivedatschool,IfoundJohnseated/sitting/seatinghi

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