第10讲不定式用法班课.docx
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第10讲不定式用法班课
(5-10分钟)
1不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化,通常有下表中的几种形式(以do为例):
一般式todo 被动式tobedone 完成式tohavedone 完成被动式tohavebeendone
进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing其否定形式是由not加不定式构成。
如:
Hisworksaresaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.
据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。
Hepretendedtobereadingwhenhismothercamein.当他母亲进来时,他假装在看书。
Hissistertoldhimnottoreadinthesun.他的姐姐让他不要在阳光下看书。
Mothermadehimgetupearlyyesterday.昨天母亲让他起得很早。
2.不定式的主动与被动形式
(1)一般说来,如果不定式的修饰成分是其动作的发出者,动词不定式用主动形式,如果是其动作的承受者,则用被动式。
但是有些情况下要注意:
在havesomethingtodo中如果主语是动词不定式的动作发出者,则用主动式,如果主语不是动词不定式的动作发出者,则不定式用被动式havesomethingtobedone。
例如:
1.Ihaveaquestiontoask.我有个问题要问。
2.IamgoingtoBeijingtomorrow. Doyouhaveanythingtobetaken?
我明天要去北京,你有东西要带吗?
(2)在不定式作定语时,如果句中有其动作发出者用主动形式,在therebe句型中也常用不定式的主动形式但是如果强调动作本身,用被动式也可以。
例如:
1.Givemesomethingtoeat,please.请给我点东西吃。
2.Therearemanyplanstomake/tobemade.Thereisnothingtodo/tobedone.
但是:
Thereisnothingtospeakof.不要用tobespokenof
Thereisplentytoeat.不要用tobeeaten.
3.疑问词跟不定式的结构
动词不定式可以和疑问词搭配构成不定式短语,在句子中可做主语,宾语,表语。
例如:
Howtosolvetheproblemisabigproblem.(做主语)
Idon’tknowwhattodonextstep.(做宾语)
Whatmademeconfusedwashowtodotheworkwell.(做表语)”
(20-30分钟)
动词不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。
一、作主语
动词不定式作主语可位于句首。
例如:
Tolearnaskillisveryimportantforeveryoneintoday'ssociety.
也可使用it作形式主语,而将其置于句末。
例如:
Itisnecessaryforyoungstudentstolearnaforeignlanguage.
动词不定式作主语的常用句型有:
1.Itis+adj./n.(+forsb./sth.)+todosth.
用于此句型的形容词有:
easy,hard,difficult,possible,important,impossible,necessary,good,bad,exciting,interesting,surprising等。
例如:
Itisinterestingtoplaythisgame.
Itisnecessaryforyoutochangeyourjob.
Itwasimpossibleforthemtocompletethetaskinsuchashorttime.
考例1:
Is____possibletoflytothemooninaspaceship?
A.now B.man C.that D.it
用于此句型的名词有:
pity,shame,pleasure,one’sduty,one’s job,fun,joy,goodmanners,badmanners等。
例如:
Whatapityitisforyoutohavemissedsuchawonderfulfilm.
Itisgoodmannersfortheyoungtogivetheirseatstotheold.
2.Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todosth.
该句型中只能使用描述某人的品德、特征的形容词,如:
kind,nice,wise,silly,polite,impolite,friendly,foolish,clever等。
例如:
Howrudeitwasoftheboytojumpthequeue!
Itisfriendlyofthefamilytotrytomakemefeelathomeintheirhouse.
Howsillyitwasofyoutogiveupsuchagoodchance!
3.Ittakessb.+sometime+todosth.该句型意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。
例如:
Ittookushalfanhourtoridetothetownbybike.
二、作表语
动词不定式作表语常用于以下结构:
Mywish/job/aim/goalis…及Thenextstep/measureis…等。
例如:
Yourjobistotypethepapersintheoffice.Thenextmeasureistostoptheriverfrombeingpolluted.
三、作宾语
常见的只能使用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
agree,choose,decide,hope,fail,wish,refuse,expect,manage,plan,intend,pretend,promise,offer,afford,demand,arrange等。
例如:
Theydecidedtobuildahighwaybetweenthesetwocities.
SheofferedtohelpmewhenIwasintrouble.
believe,think,consider,feel,make等动词可用于“动词+it+adj./n+todosth.”句型,其中使用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语动词不定式置于句末。
例如:
Ithinkitnecessaryforustohaveagoodrestafterthelongwork.
Shefeltitherdutytohelptheoldwoman.
四、作宾补
可后接动词不定式作宾补的动词有:
advise,allow,ask,hear,order,see,tell,want,wish,watch等。
例如:
Thedoctoradvisedhernotoeattoomuchsugar.Iwishyoutogotothemeetingwithme.
believe,consider,count,declare,deny,feel,find,guess,imagine,judge,know,prove,realize,suppose,think等动词后可接tobe型不定式作宾补。
例如:
Hedeclaredhimselftobeacollegestudent.他自称是名大学生。
Thepoliceprovedhimtobeathief.警察局证实他是小偷。
hope,demand,suggest等动词不能后接动词不定式作宾补。
例如:
【误】Ihopemysontobebacksoon.
【正】Ihopemysonwillbebacksoon.
【误】Shesuggestsustohaveadiscussionaboutit.
【正】Sheadvisesustohaveadiscussionaboutit.
【正】Shesuggeststhatwe(should)haveadiscussionaboutit.
在主动结构中,下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略to:
“五看”(see,watch,notice,observe,lookat)“三使”(make,let,have)“两听”(hear,listento)“一感觉”(feel)。
例如:
Whomadehimworkallnightlong?
但是,改为被动结构后,应补出省略的to。
例如:
Hewasseentobreakthewindow.
五、作定语
动词不定式作定语,应位于所修饰词语之后,即:
作后置定语。
例如:
Haveyougotanythingtoeat?
(toeat修饰anything,位于其后)
下列名词后常接动词不定式作定语:
ability,attempt,chance,courage,decision,effort,failure,promise,way,wish等。
例如:
Butshegaveupthechancetogoabroad.
由only,first,last,next以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词后,也常接不定式作定语。
例如:
Whowasthelastonetoleavetheclassroomlastnight?
六、作状语
动词不定式作状语,可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。
例如:
Wewenttheretoseeourgrandparents.(目的)
Iamverysorrytohearthat.(原因)
Shehurriedhomeonlytofindherfatherdead.(结果)
Tolookatthepicture,youwouldlikeit.(条件)
作目的状语,还可以使用inorderto或soasto。
例如:
Theboyworkedsohardinordertomakeupforthelosttime.
结果状语还可以使用enoughto,too…to…,so…asto,such…asto等结构。
例如:
Hegotuptoolatetomisstheearlybus.
Shewasinsuchahurryasnottonoticeme.她如此匆忙,以致没有注意到我。
(10-15分钟)
有关不定式的练习题:
1.Heissaidto____tohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopower.
A.beallowedtoreturn B.allowtoreturn C.allowreturning D.beallowedreturning
2.Hespokeinsuchahighvoice____atthefurtherendoftheroom.
A.astobeheard B.tobeheard C.astohear D.tohear
3.---Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?
---____newofficers.
A.Select B.Selecting C.Toselect D.Tohaveselect
4.InAustralia,hemadealotoffriends____apracticalknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguage.
A.toget B.get C.getting D.got
5.Toplayfairisasimportantas____.
A.toplaywell B.playwell C.weplaywell D.playingwell
6.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.
A.havingmet B.eating C.tomeet D.tohavemet
7.Ratherthan_____onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers____abicycle.
A.ride,ride B.riding,ride C.ride,toride D.toride,riding
8.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim____.
A.notto B.nottodo C.notdoit D.donotto
9.---Doyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?
---No,butsometimes,IwishI____.
A.hadtimeto B.hadtimetodo C.havetimeto D.havetime
10.I’lldowhateverIcan____myEnglish.
A.improve B.toimprove C.improving D.toimproving
11.Couldyoutellmethewayyou’vethoughtof_____?
A.todoit B.doingit C.doit D.hastodoit
12.Hewasoftenlistened____inthenextroom.
A.sing B.sung C.totosing D.tosinging
13.Wouldyoube____shutthewindow?
A.enoughkindto B.kindenoughnotto C.kindenoughto D.sokindenoughasto
14.Don’ttakethemedicine,itcan’thelp____ridofyourcold.
A.getting B.toget C.togetting D.gets
15.Mygrandmotherseemstohavealot____.
A.worryabout B.toworry C.tobeworried D.toworryabout
16.Everyminuteismadefull_____of_____ourlessons.
A.touse,study B.use,studying C.useful,tostudy D.use,tostudy
17.Iwouldlove____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.
A.togo B.tohavegone C.going D.havinggone
18.Youshouldn’tallow____gamesneartheclassroom,forit’stoonoisy.
A.studentplaying B.play C.studentstoplay D.toplay
19.Thewaiterwasmade_____totheguest.
A.apologize B.apologizing C.toapologize D.tobeapologizing
20.Whomwouldyourather_____thework?
A.tohavetodo B.tohavedo C.havetodo D.havedo
21.Ihadmeant_____onyou,butIwassobusy.
A.call B.tocall C.calling D.becalling
22.---Doyouoftenhavesomeone____yourclothes?
---Yes,Ioftenhavethem____.
A.wash,towash B.towash,washed C.washed,wash D.wash,washed
23.Sheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended_____.
A.tohearnot B.nothearing C.tonothear D.notto
24.Piecesofbambooorwood____booksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD.
A.usedtoformed B.usedtoform C.wereusedtoform D.usedtobeforming
25.---Whydidyoumovethetableoverthere?
---______thenewsofa?
A.Shareroomwith B.Tomakeroomfor C.Givenroomfor D.Savingroomfor
26.Amiddle-agedwomancame_______tothebusstoponly______thebushadgone.
A.torun,finding B.running,tofind C.andran,found D.running,find
27.Toknowwhatisgoodand______aretwodifferentthings.
A.knowingwhatiswrong B.dowhatisright
C.todowhatisright D.doingwhatisright
28.Smithappears______alongtime.Heisimpatientformyarrival.
A.towait B.tobewaiting C.tohavewaited D.tohavebeenwaiting
29.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseems______histripverymuch.
A.toenjoy B.tohaveenjoyed C.tobeenjoying D.tohavebeenenjoying
30.---WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnow?
Anythingwrongwithhim?
---Hedidn’tpassthetestbuthestill_______.
A.hopesso B.hopesthat C.hopesto D.hopesit
(5分钟)
(留给学生写:
对本节课方法、模型、思路、公式、原理进行提炼和总结,并让学生牢记)
课后作业可以在练习题里选,题量根据学生接受能力而定,建议完成时间控制30分钟以内
答案部分
1-5AACAA 6-10CCAAB 11-15ACCBD 16—20DBCCD 21-25BDDCB 26-30BCDBC