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论文版式

ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies

By

ZhangSan

Athesis

submittedtotheForeignLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentof

BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciencesinpartialfulfillmentof

therequirementforthedegreeof

BACHELOROFARTS

in

ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Baoji,Shannxi

May,2011

ASurveyofEFLLearners’ReadingStrategies

ZhangSan

Abstract:

ConsideringthatmostofthereadingstrategiesareproposedbyforeignscholarsofthisfieldforESLlearnersratherthanforEFLlearners,asurveyisconductedastowhetherChineseEFLlearnersreallyapplythesestrategiesandhowwellthestudentsatcollegeusethem...（有删节）InspiteofthefactthatmanyChinesescholarslikeLiuYichun,YaoXimingandSongDeshenghavemadeaconsiderableamountofresearchonreadingfrommanydifferentperspectives,theirstudiesarealmostallbasedonthereadingstrategiesproposedbyforeignscholarsofthisfieldforESLlearnersratherthanforEFLlearners.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconductasurveyastowhetherChineseEFLlearnersreallyapplythesestrategiesandhowwellthestudentsatcollegeusethem.ThestudentssurveyedareselectedatrandomfromamongtheGrade2001studentsoftheForeignLanguagesDepartment,BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciences,andclassifiedintotwogroups—thesuccessfulandthelesssuccessful—accordingtotheirperformancesontheTEM-4testoftheyear2002.Andafterreading,theysummarizewhattheyhavebeenreadingandthinkabouttheirfirstimpressions.Besides,EFLlearnersoughttohaveasmuchextendedreadingaspossibleandreadregularly.Greateffortsmustbemadetoenrichandenhancetheirfundamentallinguisticknowledgeandskills,andtobetterunderstandtheworld.TheEFLlearnersshouldhavetheabilitytorecognizeerrorsorcontradictionsintext,todistinguishimportantideasfromunimportantones，tokeepabalancebetweendifferentstrategiesandtousedifferentstrategieswithdifferentkindsoftexts.Moreimportantly,toensurethesuccessinimprovingreadingcomprehension,thereadersshouldreadoftenandregularly.

Keywords:

EFLlearners;readingstrategies;cognitivestrategies;thesuccessfulreaders,thelesssuccessfulreaders

外语学习者阅读策略研究

张三

【内容提要】（前有删节）随意抽取宝鸡文理学院外语系英语专业2001级学生为调查对象，根据他们在2002年英语专业四级考试中的成绩将其分为成功者和不成功者两类，并采用阅读测试和问卷调查对他们的阅读成绩和策略进行对比分析。

调查发现，虽然绝大多数受试者都不同程度的使用了阅读策略，但是成功者外语学习的动机较高，语言能力较强，更擅长推断、自我监控和自我评价。

通过对被调查者在答题上的错误进行分析发现，他们在回答涉及隐含信息并需要推理和判断的问题时，所犯错误更多。

这表明达多数学生不能很好地使用一支信息推断出原文的隐含意义。

及时做出了推断，也只是表面性和暂时性的，没能有效利用其他有用信息。

总的来说，只有当外语学习者具有最基本的语言能力，并有较强的学习的自主性之后，阅读策略才对他们更有益处。

好的阅读策略有助于外语学习者更加有效的阅读，用最少的努力获得最大的好处。

因此，有效的读者同时也是积极主动的读者，有清晰的阅读目的，在阅读前、阅读中或阅读后都能使用一系列的阅读策略。

阅读前，先把目光放在标题、副标题和小标题上，以此来引发相关的思想、记忆和联想。

阅读时，试图创造与作者对话的气氛，尽力明确作者的意图。

阅读后，对所读作品做出小结，回忆起初阅读时的印象，起到建立新图式、新概念的目的。

此外，外语学习者还要尽可能多地开展延伸性阅读（extendedreading），丰富和提高语言基本知识与能力，增进对世界的了解和认识，具备批判性阅读的能力；不要过分依赖某种策略，而应该在各种策略之间寻求平衡，并能针对不同材料使用不同的策略；要善于使用元认知策略对外语学习，特别是阅读进行计划、监控和评估；经常性阅读和定期阅读是阅读理解力提高的重要保证。

【关键词】EFL学习者；阅读策略；认知策略；成功者；不成功者

CONTENTS

I.Introduction…………………………………………………..…..…..……….……1

II.Majorreadingmodelsandtheories………………………………………4

有删节

IV.Asurvey………………………………………………………………….....23

4.1Subjects……………………..………………………………………….....23

4.2Instrument…………………………………………………………….....23

4.3Datacollection……………………………………………….……….......23

4.3.1Thesuccessfulvs.thelesssuccessful………………….……….....24

4.3.2Thestudents’useofreadingstrategies…………………………......26

……

4.3.4Theratesoferrorsinthequizonreadingcomprehension……...29

V.Dataanalysisanddiscussion………………………………………..31

5.1Theuseofthestrategiesbyallthestudents…………………………...31

5.2Differencesinusingthestrategiesbybothgroups…………………….32

5.3Erroranalysis…………………………………………………………..35

5.4Discussion……………………………………………………………...38

VI.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...41

References…………………………………………………………………...44

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...47

NaturalisminSisterCarrie:

AnAnalysis

I.Introduction

Naturalism,asaliterarygenre,playsanessentialpartinAmericanliterature.ThefundamentalnaturalistdoctrineispresentedinEmileZola’s1880essay“leromanexperimental”.Init,Zolaclaimsthatthenaturalistwritershouldsubjectbelievablecharactersandeventstoexperimentalconditions.Inotherwords,taketheknownandintroduceitintotheunknown.Hecallsthattheliteraryartist“mustoperatewithcharacters,passions,humanandsocialdataasthechemistandthephysicistworkoninertbodies,asthephysiologistworkonlivingbodies”（Zhang,2000:

425）,whichtheFrenchinitiatedandbegantodevelopnaturalism,Americansarecreditedwithbringingittofruition.Thus,guidedbyZola,Americannaturalisticwritersthoughtthatsincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZola’sphrase,“humanbeasts”,characterscouldbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings（Zhang&Ma,1998:

88）.Thenaturalistsbelievedinstudyinghumanbeingsasthoughtheywere“products”thataretobestudiedimpartially,withoutmoralizingabouttheirnatures.

……

……

Allinall,bytheshapingofCarrieMeeber,Douet,Hurstwood,aswellasthewholestory,Dreiserwellshowshisliterarytrendandwellplayshisroleasanaturalist.

II.Thespecificperiodthestorybefallen

It’snaturaltodiscusstheculturalandeconomicbackgroundinwhichthenovelSisterCarrieissetin,togetherwithabriefpresentaionofAmericandreaminthe19thcentury.Allthesetwosectionslayabasicfoundationandsound,solidframeworkforturtheranalysisofthenovelSisterCarrieperse.

2.1ThecultureandeconomicalbackgroundofCarrie’stimes

DreiserfirstlyinsistedthattheculturethatCarriereflectsisgroundedineconomicconditions.TheyearDreiserassignstoCarrie’smigrationin1889,andhersearchforlaborintheclosestmajorcityreflectsanationaltrend.In1890,oneyearafterDreiserimaginesCarrie’sarrivalinChicago,womenmadeupseventeenpercentofthenationallaborforce,withwomenbetweentheagesoffifteenandtwenty-fourformingthelargestproportionofthisgroup.FromthefoundingoftheU.S.throughtheearlynineteenthcentury,theeconomyhadbeenprimarilyagricultural,withtheindividualhouseholdthecenterofproduction.Thetransitionfromanagriculturaleconomycenteredinthefamilytoanindustrialordercharacterizedbymanagerialcapitalismdependedonthedevelopmentoffactoriesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.Factoriesdemandedcentralizedlabor,largegroupsofunrelatedpeopleleavingthehomeandworkingunderoneroof.Withthisshift,worknecessarilymovedoutsidethehome.

……

AmongthousandsofruralAmericanswhorushedtocitiestofindjobsandtobuildthemselvesnewlivesandidentities,Carriealsocapturetheexcitementofthatexperience.ShemovedoutofherhometownheadingforChicago.

2.2Americandreaminthe19thcentury

Duringtheindustrialrevolutionofthe19thcentury,inbigcities,therewerecolorfultheatres,restaurants,supermarketsanddancingroomsemergingfuriously,wherepeoplecouldhardlyrejectthesecharmingtemptations.Itwasaworldofprices.ChicagoaswellasNewYorkbestrepresentedtheoverallcharacteristicsofAmericancapitalismandhigh-developedeconomyfrombeingfueledbyproductiontobeingdrivenbyconsumption.WhileChicagowasthecitythatmostpeopleofmiddleclassandwesternAmericansdreamingfor,Carriewasamongthepeople,whobelievedtheycanfindtheirhappinessinChicago.Sheembodiespopularaspirationsandthenotionofthe“Americandream”definedlaterbyJamesTruslow（1878-1949）was

……

Finally,themythologyofAmericandreamissurethatCarrierisesfromragstoriches.CarriemayrepresentabroadprincipleofAmericanculture-itsquestforeconomicdominationoftheworld,shemightbeseenasanallegoryforAmericanideals,oftenwaveringandcompromisedingeopoliticalapplication,andservingavarietyofself-interestedpressuregroups.

III.Thehumannatureinanaturalist’seye

Amongtheforcesthatsweepandplaythroughouttheuniverse,untutoredmanisbutawispinthewind.Ourcivilizationisstillinamiddlestage,scarcelybeast,inthatitisnolongerwhollyguidedbyinstinct;scarcelyhuman,inthatitisnotyetwhollyguidedbyreason.（Dreiser,2000:

59）

3.1Instrumentality----forthefulfillmentoftheeverlastingdesire

DreisersethimselftoprojecttheAmericanvaluesforwhathehadfoundthemtobe---materialistictothecore.Livinginsuchasocietywithsuchavaluesystem,thehumanindividualisobsessedwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires.

……

Dreiserfurtherproclaimedthattoapopulacefirmlyinthegripofmaterialexistence,thedesireforsomethingmoreisadestructiveenergythatcanneverbeexhausted;itisadoom.Hurstwood,whosesuccessasmanagerofahighclass--drinkingestablishmentisnotsufficient,fixeshisfurtherambitiononCarrie,andisruinedintheend.Butthedesireforsomethingmore,thelongingforfulfillment,isalsohope,andthereforeinnocence,asortofredemption.Carrie,atthetopofherprofession,isleftlookingforsomethingmore,butasweunderstandshewillneverfindit---shehasunfulfilledtheclosestthingtograceinDreiser’stheology.

3.2Humanbestiality---theindifferenceinpeople’srelationships

Dreiser,whohasbeeninfluencedbySpencerandDarwin’stheory,reachesakindofnewtheorycalledbio-sociology.Hevoiceshisconvictionthatmanisdrawingawayfromanimalnature（instinct）,andstilldoesn’treachtherealmofreason.Thatistosay,manisstandingbetweentheinstinctandreason.ThroughsisterCarrie,Dreisershowsusanextraordinaryatomizednature,thegenerallaceofanysubstantivesocial,orevenpersonal,an