六级真题及答案解析.docx

六级真题及答案解析.docx

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六级真题及答案解析

2011年12月英语四六级真题及答案专题  

　　PartIWriting

　　TheWaytoSuccess（By季云竹）

　　AbrahamLincoln,asuccessfulleadersparklinginAmericanhistory,onceput,“Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIwillspendthefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe.”Simpleashisremarkis,itsubtlyencapsulatesaprofoundandenlighteningnotionthatthepathtosuccessonlyliesunderthefeetofpeoplewhoarewell-prepared.

　　Currentlyinthisprogressivelycompetitivesociety,itisanythingbutuncommonforustoseepeopledesperatelyinwantofsuccess.Takingalookaround,notonlycanweeasilyfindstudentsstayinguplatewiththeirhomework,wecanalsonoticethatamultitudeofclerksstepintothemansionintheearlymorning,thengobackhomeafterovertime.However,success,asamatteroffact,onlybelongstoafewofthem.Forinstance,thereisnoshortageofthiskindofpeople—whoparticipateinnumerousinterviewsandgetnothingbutarejectionslip,thentheystartwhiningtimeaftertime,“whyisn’tthatme?

”

　　JustasanancientChineseproverbgoes,“Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.”Accumulationofabilityandknowledgeistheprerequisiteofsuccess,andoncewearestrongandpowerfulenough,thewholeuniversewillcometoassistusinchasingourdreams.

　　Thewaytosuccess（By胡平）

　　Success,theoneeveryonedesires,playsanessentialroleinourdailylife,becauseitdirectlydeterminesourdailybehaviors.Inotherwords,ifthereisnodesireforsuccess,therewillbenoindividuals’developmentandevennoadvanceofoursociety.Itistheaspirationofsuccessthatpromotesourgrowthofourindividualsandsociety.Butthroughoutthewholehumanhistory,howtosucceedisalwaysthemostconcernedtopic.

　　Amongallthefactorsofsuccess,wellpreparationofknowledge,thebasicrequisitionofsuccess,shouldbeplacedonthefirstone.Withoutextensiveandintensiveknowledge,evenifthereareexterioropportunitiestosuccess,suchastheparents’assistanceorfriends’recommendation,youwillstillneversucceed,becauseyoucannotqualifythejobyouhavealreadyhad.Themorepreparationyoudoinadvance,themorelikelyyouwillgetsuccess.AsLincolnhassaid,ifIhadsixhourstochopdownatree,Iwouldspendthefirstfourhourssharpeningtheaxe.

　　Besidesthewellpreparationofknowledge,thepreparationofconfidenceandinterpersonalskillsisalsoindispensableonthewaytosuccess.

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　　Google'splanforworld'sbiggestonlinelibrary:

philanthropyoractofpiracy?

Googlehasalreadyscanned10millionbooksinitsbidtodigitisethecontentsoftheworld'smajorlibraries,butacopyrightbattlenowthreatenstheproject,withAmazonandMicrosoftjoiningauthorsandpublishersopposedtothescheme.

  Inrecentyearstheworld'smostvenerablelibrarieshaveplayedhosttosomeincongruousvisitors.Industynooksandfar-flungstacks,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenbeaveringawaytomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope–includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess. 

 WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure,soseeminglyout-of-kilterwithitssnazzy,hi-techimage?

Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?

1.Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organisetheworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.LiketheAncientEgyptianswhoattemptedtobuildalibraryatAlexandriacontainingalltheknownworld'sscrolls,Googleexecutivestalkofconstructingauniversalonlinearchive,atreasuretroveofknowledgethatwillbefreelyavailable–oratleastfreelysearchable–forall.

  Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavinglofty,utopianaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney"isamantra."Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:

"2.Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge." 

  DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,offersananalogywiththeinventionoftheGutenbergpress–Google'sbookproject,hesays,willhaveasimilardemocratisingeffect.Hetalksofpeopleinfar-flungpartsbeingabletoaccessknowledgeasneverbefore,ofsearchqueriesleadingthemtotheone,longout-of-printbooktheyneed.

Andhedoesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropicexercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheetoutliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders." 

Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionaryzeal.ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.

First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.3.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem. 

Thesecond,relatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredinalegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinBleakHouselookstraightforward.

.Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:

thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit.（InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.）Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andlastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint. 

 OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"（workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch）.

But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.5.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysnippetsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy. 

"Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."

 .In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishersandpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuitagainstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofwrangling,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarestaggeringlycomplicated–thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics. 

 Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletoreimburseauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached（includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks）.Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.

ThesettlementstipulatesthatabodyknownastheBooksRightsRegistrywillrepresenttheinterestsofUScopyrightholders.AuthorsandpublisherswithacopyrightinterestinabookscannedbyGooglewhomakethemselvesknowntotheregistrywillbeentitledtoreceiveapayment–intheregionof$60perbook–ascompensation. 

Additionally,thesettlementhandsGooglethepower–butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.7.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.

Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."8.Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprov