北京城区高三英语一模阅读理解D篇汇总带答案.docx

北京城区高三英语一模阅读理解D篇汇总带答案.docx

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北京城区高三英语一模阅读理解D篇汇总带答案

2021北京城区高三英语一模阅读理解D篇汇总

2021海淀高三一模

D

MoveOver,SelfishGene

Evolutiontraditionallyhasaproblemwithnicepeople.Ifonlythefittestindividualssurvive,thenthosewhoarenicetoothersattheirownexpensewillsurelyheweededout.Yetcooperationiswidespreadinnature,fromplantsalertingeachothertodangertodolphinscooperatingtoroundupfish.

Adecades-oldideacalledkinselectioncanexplainsomeofthis:

iforganisms（生物）haveenoughDNAincommon,thentheycanfurthertheirownselfishgenesbyhelpingoneanother.Beesandantshaveasystemofreproductionwhichleavescolonymemberssocloselyrelatedthattheyactalmostasasinglesuper-organismAndamonganysexuallyreproducingspeciesparentalcarehelpsindividualspassontheirgenes.

Butkinselectioncannotexplainwhyhumansaresonicetostrangers.Oneideaisthatwehaveevolvedtobesuper-cooperativebecause,overtime,morecooperativegroupshaveoutcompetedlesscooperativeones.Buttheregenerallyisn'tenoughgeneticvariationbetweengroupstoallownaturalselectiontofavormorecooperativeones.

Someresearchersthinkthesolutionliesinanideacalledculturalgroupselection.Forgetsharedgenes,theyargue.Selectioncanfavorcooperativegroupsifthepeoplewithinthemshareenoughculture.Theideaiscontroversialbecausetoworkitrequiresthatgroupsremainculturallydistinct,Ascriticspointout,peopletendtomigrate（迁移）betweengroups,whichshouldhomogenize（使同质化）ideasandcustoms.Thosewhobacktheconceptcounterthatgroupshavewaystomaintaintheirdistinctculture,includingaprocesscallednom（准则）enforcement.Putsimply,ifsomeonemigratesintoanewculturalgroup,theyarepressuredintofollowingthelocalrulesbecausefailingtodosoleadstopunishment.

Earlierthisyear,MathewandHandleyatArizonaStateUniversitypublishedastudytestingtheidea.Theysampled759peoplefromfourethnicgroupsinKenyawhocompeteintensivelyforland,waterandlivestock.Thepairestimatedthatgeneticdifferencesbetweenindividualsfromdifferentgroupswasgenerallylessthan15%.Culturalpracticesandbeliefsvariedmuchmore,by107to20%.Peoplecooperatedmostwithmembersoftheirowngroup,asculturalgroupselectionpredicts,andtoalesserextentwithmembersofothergroupswhosenormsmostcloselymatchedtheirown.Thatmakessenseifcultureratherthangeneticsiswhatmatters.“Ithinkthisisoneofthemostexplicittestsofculturalgroupselectiontheorysofar,”saysMathew.

Noteveryoneispersuaded.KrasnowatHarvardUniversityseesnotheoreticalflawwiththeidea,butsaysthatsomeofhisresearchunderminesit.Hehasfoundthatpeopledon'tjustenforcetheruleswithintheirgroup,butalsopunishpeoplefromothergroupswhofailtofollowtheirowngroup’snorms.Mathewcountersthatitisreasonabletoenforcethenormsonoutsidersasasteptowardsincorporating（使并入）themintoyourculturalgroup.“Thisisoftenhowempiresexpand,”shesays.

31.Theexampleofbeesandantsisusedto_________.

A.highlightthesignificantroleofreproductionB.demonstratetheefficiencyofasuper-organism

C.revealwhyparentscareabouttheirselfishgenesD.explainthecauseoforganismshelpingoneanother

32.Fortheideaofculturalgroupselectiontowork,apre-conditionisthat_________.

A.cooperativegroupshavealargerchanceofsurvival

B.geneticvariationsinthesameculturalgrouparesmall

C.culturaldifferencesareweakenedwithpeoplemigrating

D.culturaldistinctivenesscanbepreservedwithcertainmethods

33.Thetextisdevelopedmainlythrough_________.

A.sortinginformationintodifferenttopicsB.narratingeventsintimeorder

C.presentingdoubtsandexploringanswersD.discussingsimilaritiesanddifferences

34.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_________.

A.cultureplaysamoresignificantroleinchoosingcooperators

B.beingselfishisofvitalimportanceforanindividualtosurvive

C.Mathew’sstudyresultcontradictswhatculturalgroupselectionpredicts

D.peoplejoininganewgroupwillbepunishedfornotkeepingtheirownculture

2021朝阳高三一模

D

LessonsintheLostArtofListening

Whenwasthelasttimeyoulistenedtosomeone?

Andwhenwasthelasttimesomeonereallylistenedtoyou?

Ionceaskedpeoplewhatitmeanttobeagoodlistener.Thetypicalresponsewasablankstare.

Ofcourse,technologyplaysarole.Peoplefindphonecallsinterruptingthem,preferringtextorwordlessemoji.Besides,schoolsandcollegesrarelyofferclassesoractivitiesthatteachcarefullistening.Youcanjoinclubstoperfectyourpublicspeaking,butwhoattemptstoachieveexcellenceinlistening?

Theloudunpleasantmixtureofsoundsofmodernlifealsostopsusfromlistening.

Generally,listeninggoesbeyondsimplyhearingwhatpeoplesay.Italsoinvolvespayingattentiontohowtheysayitandwhattheydowhiletheyaresayingit,inwhatcontext,andhowwhattheysayisrelatedtoyou.It’snotaboutmerelyholdingyourpeacewhilesomeoneelseholdsforth.Quitetheopposite.Alotoflisteninghastodowithhowyourespond—thedegreetowhichyoufacilitatetheclearexpressionofanotherperson’sthoughtsand,intheprocess,haveaclearmindofyourown.

Goodlistenersaskgoodquestions.Theyengageinexploringthetopic,nottodivertattention.Therearecuriousquestionslike“Wouldn’tyouagree…?

”or“Don’tyouthink…?

”Thesequestionshavestrongtendencies.Theywillgreatlyinfluencetheotherpersontochangehisorherview.Andyou’dbetterstayawayfromsomepersonalquestionslike“Whatdoyoudoforaliving?

”or“Whatpartoftowndoyoulivein?

”Justtrytofindoutwhatexcitespeople.Askaboutthelastmovietheysaworforthestorybehindapieceofjewelrythey’rewearing.Alsogoodareexpansivequestions,suchas,“Ifyoucouldspendamonth,wherewouldyougo?

”Researchindicatesthatwhenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachotherwellaskeachotherthistypeofquestion,theyfeelmoreconnectedthaniftheyspendtimetogetherachievingatask.

Becauseourbraincanthinkalotfasterthanpeoplecantalk,becarefulwiththetendencytotakementalsidetripswhenyouarelistening.Smartpeople’sattentioniseasilytakenawaybytheirownrunawaythoughts.Theymayalsoassumetheyalreadyknowwhattheotherpersonisgoingtosay.

Therewardofgoodlisteningwillcertainlybemoreinterestingconversations.Researchershavefoundthatattentivelistenersreceivemoreinformationfromspeakers,evenwhentheydon’taskanyquestions.Weare,eachofus,thesumofwhatweattendtoinlife.Thegentlevoiceofamotherandthecriticismofabossbothultimatelyformandshapeus.Andtolistenpoorly,selectivelyornotatalllimitsyourunderstandingoftheworldandpreventsyoufrombecomingthebestyoucanbe.

31.Oneofthefactorsthatinfluencelisteningisthat______.

A.ourconfidenceinlisteningisdecreasingB.ourspeechcreatesalotofnoisearoundus

C.listeningskillsareseldomtaughtinschoolD.textingcausesabettereffectthanphonecalls

32.WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytalkabout?

A.Whytheartoflisteninggetslostbyitself.B.Whyeffectivemethodsareusedinlistening.

C.Howpeoplemakethemselveswellunderstood.D.Howpeoplecanreclaimthelostartoflistening.

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldpeopledowhentheyarelistening?

A.Avoidbeingabsent-minded.B.Comeupwithcuriousquestions.

C.Focusonthespeaker’spersonalinformation.D.Trytofindcommoninterestswiththespeaker.

34.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.Listeningandspeakingdeserveequalattention.B.Goodlistenersmaximizethebenefitsforthemselves.

C.Badlisteningultimatelycontributestopeople’sfailure.D.Listeners’clearmindfacilitatesspeakers’expressionofthoughts.

2021丰台高三一模

D

Atuniversity,when1toldpeopleIwasstudyingforahistorydegree,theresponsewasalmostalwaysthesame,“Youwanttobeateacher?

"No,ajournalist.“Oh.Butyou’renotmajoringincommunications?

”

Inthedayswhenauniversityeducationwasaprivilege,perhapstherewasn’ttheassumptionthatadegreehadtobeaspringboarddirectlyintoacareer.Thosedaysarelonggone.Today,adegreeisallbutanecessityforthejobmarket,onethatmorethanhalvesyourchancesofbeingunemployed.Still,thataloneisnoguaranteeofajob-andyetwe'repayingmoreandmoreforone.

Giventhosecosts,mostofuswanttomaximizethatinvestment-andthatcanleadtoaplug-and-playtypeofapproachtohighereducation.Wanttobeajournalist?

Studyjournalism,we’retold.Alawyer?

Pursuepre-law.Nottotallysure?

GointoSTEM（Science,Technology,EngineerandMaths）—youcanbecomeanengineeroranITexpert.Andnomatterwhatyoudo,forgetthehumanities,suchashistory,philosophyandlanguages.

It'struethatthehumanitiescomewithahigherriskofunemployment,buttheriskisslighterthanyouwouldimagine.ForyoungpeopleintheU.S.,theunemploymentrateofthosewithhumanitiesdegreesisfourpercent,justalittlemorethanthatofengineeringdegreeholders.Lowersalariesmaynotbecausedbythedegreeitselfeither.Thegenderpaygappersistsinthehumanities,whosegraduatesaremorelikelytobefemale.Isitanywonderthenthatlanguageteacherstendtomakelessthanengineers?

AccordingtoLinkedIn'sresearchonthemostsought-afterjobskillsbyemployersfor2019,theabilitytocommunicateandgetalongwithpeople,tounderstandwhat'sonotherpeoplesminds,andtodofull-strengthcriticalanalysiswereallvaluedandappreciated.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatyoucanbeanexcellentcommunicatorandcriticalthink