项目管理项目管理英文术语.docx

项目管理项目管理英文术语.docx

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项目管理项目管理英文术语

英文术语

中文翻译

定义

Accept

验收

Theactofformallyreceivingoracknowledgingsomethingandregardingitasbeingtrue,sound,suitable,orcomplete.

Acceptance

验收

Seeaccept

AcceptanceCriteria

验收标准

Thosecriteria,includingperformancerequirementsandessentialconditions,whichmustbemetbeforeprojectdeliverablesareaccepted.

AcquireProjectTeam[Process]

组建工程团队

Theprocessofobtainingthehumanresourcesneededtocompletetheproject.

Activity

活动

Acomponentofworkperformedduringthecourseofaproject.Seealsoscheduleactivity.

ActivityAttributes[Output/Input]

活动属性

Multipleattributesassociatedwitheachscheduleactivitythatcanbeincludedwithintheactivitylist.Activityattributesincludeactivitycodes,predecessoractivities,successoractivities,logicalrelationships,leadsandlags,resourcerequirements,imposeddates,constraints,andassumptions.

ActivityCode

活动编码

Oneormorenumericalortextvaluesthatidentifycharacteristicsoftheworkorinsomewaycategorizethescheduleactivitythatallowsfilteringandorderingofactivitieswithinreports.

ActivityDefinition[Process]

活动定义

Theprocessofidentifyingthespecificscheduleactivitiesthatneedtobeperformedtoproducethevariousprojectdeliverables.

ActivityDescription（AD）

活动描述

Ashortphraseorlabelforeachscheduleactivityusedinconjunctionwithanactivityidentifiertodifferentiatethatprojectscheduleactivityfromotherscheduleactivities.Theactivitydescriptionnormallydescribesthescopeofworkofthescheduleactivity.

ActivityDuration

活动历时

Thetimeincalendarunitsbetweenthestartandfinishofascheduleactivity.Seealsoactualduration,originalduration,

andremainingduration.

ActivityDurationEstimating[Process]

活动历时估算

Theprocessofestimatingthenumberofworkperiodsthatwillbeneededtocompleteindividualscheduleactivities.

ActivityIdentifier

活动标识符

Ashortuniquenumericortextidentificationassignedtoeachscheduleactivitytodifferentiatethatprojectactivity*fromotheractivities.Typicallyuniquewithinanyoneprojectschedulenetworkdiagram.

ActivityList[Output/Input]

活动列表

Adocumentedtabulationofscheduleactivitiesthatshowstheactivitydescription,activityidentifier,andasufficientlydetailedscopeofworkdescriptionsoprojectteammembersunderstandwhatworkistobeperformed.

Activity-on-Arrow（AOA）

AOA、双代号法

Seearrowdiagrammingmethod.

Activity-on-Node（AON）

AON、单代号法

Seeprecedencediagrammingmethod.

ActivityResourceEstimating[Process]

活动资源估算

Theprocessofestimatingthetypesandquantitiesofresourcesrequiredtoperformeachscheduleactivity.

ActivitySequencing[Process]

活动排序

Theprocessofidentifyinganddocumentingdependenciesamongscheduleactivities.

ActualCost（AC）

实际本钱

Totalcostsactuallyincurredandrecordedinaccomplishingworkperformedduringagiventimeperiodforascheduleactivityorworkbreakdownstructurecomponent.Actualcostcansometimesbedirectlaborhoursalone,directcostsalone,orallcostsincludingindirectcosts.Alsoreferredtoastheactualcostofworkperformed（ACWP）.Seealsoearnedvaluemanagementandearnedvaluetechnique.

ActualCostofWorkPerformed（ACWP）

已执行工作的实际本钱

Seeactualcost（AC）.

ActualDuration

实际历时

Thetimeincalendarunitsbetweentheactualstartdateofthescheduleactivityandeitherthedatadateoftheprojectscheduleifthescheduleactivityisinprogressortheactualfinishdateifthescheduleactivityiscomplete.

ActualFinishDate（AF）

实际完成日期

Thepointintimethatworkactuallyendedonascheduleactivity.（Note:

Insomeapplicationareas,thescheduleactivityisconsidered“finished〞whenworkis“substantiallycomplete.〞）

ActualStartDate（AS）

实际开始日期

Thepointintimethatworkactuallystartedonascheduleactivity.

AnalogousEstimating[Technique]

类比估算

Anestimatingtechniquethatusesthevaluesofparameters,suchasscope,cost,budget,anddurationormeasuresofscalesuchassize,weight,andcomplexityfromaprevious,similaractivityasthebasisforestimatingthesameparameterormeasureforafutureactivity.Itisfrequentlyusedtoestimateaparameterwhenthereisalimitedamountofdetailedinformationabouttheproject（e.g.,intheearlyphases）.Analogousestimatingisaformofexpertjudgment.Analogousestimatingismostreliablewhenthepreviousactivitiesaresimilarinfactandnotjustinappearance,andtheprojectteammemberspreparingtheestimateshavetheneededexpertise.

ApplicationArea

应用领域

Acategoryofprojectsthathavecommoncomponentssignificantinsuchprojects,butarenotneededorpresentinallprojects.Applicationareasareusuallydefinedintermsofeithertheproduct（i.e.,bysimilartechnologiesorproductionmethods）orthetypeofcustomer（i.e.,internalversusexternal,governmentversuscommercial）orindustrysector（i.e.,utilities,automotive,aerospace,informationtechnologies）.Applicationareascanoverlap.

ApportionedEffort（AE）

分配的工作量

Effortappliedtoprojectworkthatisnotreadilydivisibleintodiscreteeffortsforthatwork,butwhichisrelatedindirectproportiontomeasurablediscreteworkefforts.Contrastwithdiscreteeffort.

Approval

批准

Seeapprove

Approve

批准

Theactofformallyconfirming,

sanctioning,ratifying,oragreeingtosomething.

ApprovedChangeRequest

已批准的变更请求

Achangerequestthathasbeenprocessedthroughtheintegratedchangecontrolprocessandapproved.Contrastwithrequestedchange.

Arrow

箭线

Thegraphicpresentationofascheduleactivityinthearrowdiagrammingmethodoralogicalrelationshipbetweenscheduleactivitiesintheprecedencediagrammingmethod.

ArrowDiagrammingMethod（ADM）

箭线图

Aschedulenetworkdiagrammingtechniqueinwhichscheduleactivitiesarerepresentedbyarrows.Thetailofthearrowrepresentsthestart,andtheheadrepresentsthefinishofthescheduleactivity.（Thelengthofthearrowdoesnotrepresenttheexpecteddurationofthescheduleactivity.）Scheduleactivitiesareconnectedatpointscallednodes（usuallydrawnassmallcircles）toillustratethesequenceinwhichthescheduleactivitiesareexpectedtobeperformed.Seealsoprecedencediagrammingmethod.

As-ofDate

截止日期

Seedatadate

Assumptions[Output/Input]

假设

Assumptionsarefactorsthat,forplanningpurposes,areconsideredtobetrue,real,orcertainwithoutproofordemonstration.Assumptionsaffectallaspectsofprojectplanning,andarepartoftheprogressiveelaborationoftheproject.Projectteamsfrequentlyidentify,document,andvalidateassumptionsaspartoftheirplanningprocess.Assumptionsgenerallyinvolveadegreeofrisk.

AssumptionsAnalysis[Technique]

假设分析

Atechniquethatexplorestheaccuracyofassumptionsandidentifiesriskstotheprojectfrominaccuracy,inconsistency,orincompletenessofassumptions.

Authority

职权

Therighttoapplyprojectresources*,expendfunds,makedecisions,orgiveapprovals

BackwardPass

逆推法

Thecalculationoflatefinishdatesand

latestartdatesfortheuncompletedportionsofallscheduleactivities.Determinedbyworkingbackwardsthroughtheschedulenetworklogicfromtheproject’senddate.Theenddatemaybecalculatedinaforwardpassorsetbythecustomerorsponsor.Seealsoschedulenetworkanalysis.

BarChart[Tool]

甘特图〔条形图〕

Agraphicdisplayofschedule-relatedinformation.Inthetypicalbarchart,scheduleactivitiesorworkbreakdownstructurecomponentsarelisteddowntheleftsideofthechart,datesareshownacrossthetop,andactivitydurationsareshownasdate-placedhorizontalbars.AlsocalledaGanttchart.

Baseline

基准〔基线〕

Theapprovedtimephasedplan（foraproject,aworkbreakdownstructurecomponent,aworkpackage,orascheduleactivity）,plusorminusapprovedprojectscope,cost,schedule,andtechnicalchanges.Generallyreferstothecurrentbaseline,butmayrefertotheoriginalorsomeotherbaseline.Usuallyusedwithamodifier（e.g.,costbaseline,schedulebaseline,performancemeasurementbaseline,technicalbaseline）.Seealsoperformancemeasurementbaseline.

BaselineFinishDate

基线完成日期

Thefinishdateofascheduleactivityintheapprovedschedulebaseline.Seealsoscheduledfinishdate.

BaselineStartDate

基线开始日期

Thestartdateofascheduleactivityintheapprovedschedulebaseline.Seealsoscheduledstartdate.

BillofMaterials（BOM）

材料单

Adocumentedformalhierarchicaltabulationofthephysicalassemblies,subassemblies,andcomponentsneededtofabricateaproduct.

Bottom-upEstimating[Technique]

自底向上估算

Amethodofestimatingacomponentofwork.Theworkisdecomposedintomoredetail.Anestimateispreparedofwhatisneededtomeettherequirementsofeachofthelower,moredetailedpiecesofwork,andtheseestimatesarethen

aggregatedintoatotalquantityforthecomponentofwork.Theaccuracyofbottom-upestimatingisdrivenbythesizeandcomplexityoftheworkidentifiedatthelowerlevels.Generallysmallerworkscopesincreasetheaccuracyoftheestimates.

Brainstorming[Technique]

头脑风暴

Ageneraldatagatheringandcreativitytechniquethatcanbeusedtoidentifyrisks,ideas,orsolutionstoissuesbyusingagroupofteammembersorsubject-matterexperts.Typically,abrainstormingsessionisstructuredsothateachparticipant’sideasarerecordedforlateranalysis.

Budget

预算

Theapprovedestimatefortheprojectoranyworkbreakdownstructurecomponentoranyscheduleactivity.Seealsoestimate.

BudgetatCompletion（BAC）

完工预算

Thesumofallthebudgetvaluesestablishedforthework