语法词类.docx

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语法词类

名词

(一)名词的分类

  名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词要注意单复数。

  

(二)名词的数

  1、可数名词与不可数名词

  A、不可数名词,中学阶段常见的不可数名词有:

water;meat;rice;bread;milk;tea;orange(桔汁);fruit;air;snow;chalk;work;paper(纸);time(时间);music;weather;grass;news;food;fish(鱼肉);coke;porridge;cake(可数或不可数).不可数名词应注意以下几点:

  1)前无冠,后无复;作主语为三单.

  2)表量用约数some/any;much;alotof

  eg.Thereis____breadonthetable.[]

  A.aB.oneC.apieceofD.many

  Thereissome_______ontheplate.[]

  A.appleB.fishC.milksD.deer

  2、可数名词的复数

  不规则变化:

  man——menm,woman——women,policeman——policemen,foot——feet,tooth——teeth,child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen,mouse—mice

  注意:

  ①potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes

  ②单复同形:

fish;sheep;deer;Chinese;Japanese

  ③由man,woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数(mandoctor—mendoctors)

  ④reef—reefs

  ⑤“某国人”的复数:

口诀是“

  eg.German—Germans

  ⑥有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。

  eg:

  cloth布——,acloth桌布、抹布;

  sand沙——sands沙滩;

  tea茶——atea一杯茶;

  orange橘汁——anorange橘子;

  glass玻璃——aglass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;

  paper纸——apaper试卷、论文;

  wood木头——awood小森林;

  room空间、余地——aroom房间

  fruit——fruits;food——foods;fish——fishes;drink——adrink;

  3、名词所有格:

名词’s(意思是“……的”)

  A.有生命的名词所有格,一般在后加“’s”;

  注意:

  1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s”

  LucyandLily’sfather露西和莉莉的父亲

  Lucy’sandLily’sfathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.

  2)以s结尾的词只加“’”

  eg.1)theboys’books2)James’father

  3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导

  eg.thelegofthedesk

  4)双重所有格:

afriendofmyfather’s

  afriendofmine(√)afriendofmy(×)

 练习

  一、写出下列词的复数

  1.book______2.bus______3.orange_______

  4.baby______5.boy______6.my________

  7.his_______8.knife______9.watch________

  10.sheep______11.tooth_____12.leaf____

  13.German__________14.Chinese_________

  二、选择正确的答案

  ()1.—Arethose______?

  ---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.

  A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cow

  C.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows

  ()2.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.

  A.twoorangeB.twobottlesoforange

  C.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges

  ()3.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?

  A.averygoodB.any

  C.apieceofD.twopieces

  ()4.___roomisonthe5thfloor.

  A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’s

  C.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s

  ()5.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.

  A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swalk

  C.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk

  ()6.ThisisJamesAllanGreen.Wecancallhim____.

  A.Mr.GreenB.Mr.Allan

  C.Mr.JamesD.JamesGreen

  ()7.JackandTomare____.

  A.goodfriendsB.goodfriend

  C.agoodfriendD.goodafriend

  ()8.It’sonlyaboutten____walktothenearestpostoffice.

  A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minute

  ()9.Heoftenhas____forbreakfast.

  A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreads

  C.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads

  ()10.Mrs.Greenhastwo____.They’reverybright.

  A.childsB.childC.children’sD.children

  ()11.WhatdidtheheadmastersayaboutJim’s______.

  A.twomonthsholidayB.twomonths’holiday

  C.two-monthholidayD.twomonth’sholidays

  ()12.Iwon’tgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof____todo.

  A.worksB.jobC.workD.working

  ()13.LiLeiisafriendof___.

  A.IsisterB.mysister’s

  C.mesisterD.mysisterof

  ()14.Haveyouread____?

  A.today’sB.todaypaper

  C.thetoday’spaperD.today’spaper

  ()15.Howmany___arethereintheroom?

  A.boxesB.boxC.boxsD.boxxes

  ()16.Many____havebeenbuiltinourcitysince1987.

  A.factorysB.factories

  C.factoryesD.factorys

  ()17.Therearelotsof___inthebasketonthetable.

  A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoesD.tomatoss

  ()18.Thecatcaughttwo___lastnight.

  A.mousesB.miceC.mouseD.mices

  ()19.Jackwenttohavetwo___pulledoutyesterdayafternoon.

  A.toothsB.toothC.teethD.toothes

  ()20.Inourschooltherearefifty-five___.

  A.womenteachersB.womanteachers

  C.womenteacherD.woman’steacher

  ()21.Thethree___willbeputintoprison.

  A.thiefsB.thiefC.thievesD.thiefs’

  练习题答案:

  1——5ABCBD6—10AACCD

  11—15CCBDA16—21BCBCAC

介词

 1.时间

  1)at+具体时刻

  2)on+具体某天(具体某天的上、下午等;星期词;以及上、下午词前有修饰词时)

  3)in+年、月、季节及一天中的某部分

  口诀:

at时间点,in指日月年

  On指具体某一天早中晚

  但注意:

atnight=inthenightatnoon

  atthis/thattimeatChristmas

  eg.1.___themorning2.___Mondaymorning

  3.___arainyevening4.___3:

505.__2002

  6.___themorningofApril107.___spring

  8.___night9.___thistime10.___March

  另外注意:

在时间词(morning,afternoon,evening;Sunday…)前有last,next,this,that时,不再用介词.tomorrow,tonight前也不用介词。

  2.地点:

  at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。

例如:

  eg.1)Hearrived___Shanghaiyesterday.

  2)Theyarrived___asmallvillagebeforedark.

  3)Thereisabighole____thewall.

  4)Theteacherputupapicture____thewall.

  3.方位

  in(范围内);on(范围外且接壤);to(范围外但不接壤)。

可表示为下图的位置关系

  eg.1)TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.

  2)HubeiisonthenorthofHunan.

  3)JapanistotheeastofChina.

  cross:

动词“跨过,越过”=goacross

  4.across:

(表面)跨过

  through:

(内部)穿过,贯穿介词

  eg.1)Canyouswim_____theriver?

  2)Theroadruns__________theforest.

  3)_____thebridge,you’llfindacinema.

  5.in+时间段:

与将来时连用

  after+时间段:

与过去时连用

  但after+时间点:

可与将来时连用。

  1)I’llleave_______threeo’clock..Thatis,I’llleave________abouttenminutes.

  2)Theyleft_______twoweeks.

  6.inthetree(外加在树上的事物)

  onthetree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)

  inthewall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)

  7.onthewall(墙表面的事物)

  1)Thereisamap___thewall

  2)Therearefourwindows___thewall.

  8.bybike/bus/car/ship(单数且无冠词)

  但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时,则应使用相应的介词。

  eg.bybike=ona(the;his)bike

  bycar=ina(the;her)car

  on:

在…(表面)上——接触

  9.over:

在…的正上方

  above:

在…的斜上方未接触

  1)Themoonrose______thehill.

  2)Thereisabridge_____theriver.

  3)Thereisabook______thedesk.

  10.between:

在(两者)之间

  among:

在(三者以上)之间

  1)AbigcrowdofpeoplewerewaitingforLiLidaonthebeach.________themwerehisparents.

  2)Tomsits________LucyandLily.

  11.on与about:

关于

  on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等

  about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及

  eg.Hegaveatalk____thehistoryoftheParty

  12.infrontof:

在…前面/方(范围外)=before

  in/atthefrontof:

在……前部(范围内)

  1)Thereisabigtree_______oftheclassroom.

  2)Adriverdrives_________ofthebus.

  类似区别:

atthebackof与behind

  13.with和in:

表示“用“

  with:

指“用工具、手、口等”

  in:

指“用语言、话语、声音等”

  1)Pleasewritetheletter____apen.

  2)Pleasespeak____aloudvoice.

  14.onafarm;inafactory;thegirlinthehat;leavefor:

动身前往某地

  15.一些固定搭配:

  

(1)介词与动词的搭配

  listento,laughat,getto,lookfor;

  waitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend…on…,等。

  

(2)介词与名词的搭配

  ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,

  withpleasure,onone’swayto,introuble,

  atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。

  (3)介词与形容词的搭配

  belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,

  beinterestedin,beangrywith,

  befullof,besorryfor等。

 一.选择填空:

  1.Mrs.BrowncametoChina____1996.

  A.fromB.ofC.toD.in

  2.Theroomwasfull____smokeafterthebigfire.

  A.ofB.withC.inD.for

  3.Herearesomepresents____you____ourbestwishes.

  A.to;withB.for;withC.of;aboutD.for;for

  4.BothMrGreenandMrsGreenwereborn____June,1956.

  A.inB.atC.onD.for

  5.Thelittleboyisalwaysinterested____science.

  A.withB.byC.inD.at

  6.LiLeioftengetsup____seveno'clockonSundays.

  A.onB.inC.atD.for

  7.Theyarrivedearly____aTuesdaymorning.

  A.onB.atC.inD.of

  8.Macao(澳门)willreturntoourmotherland____December20th,1999.

  A.onB.atC.inD.for

  9.----Whenwereyouborn?

----Iwasborn____August25,1983.

  A.onB.inC.atD.to

  10.Letmeshowyoutheplace____themap.

  A.withB.onC.in

  11.Johnknows____acomputer.

  A.howtouseB.howuse C.howuses

  12.Thevisitors____Japanarrived____BeijingStationlastTuesdaymorning.

  A.from;atB.of;toC.from;to D.of;on

  13.Theteacherwillbeback____anhour.

  A.inB.afterC.on

  14.ThisprogrammewassenttotheUSA____China____satellite.

  A.in;ofB.of;inC.from;byD.by;from

  15.It'scoldoutside.Pleaseyourwarmclothes.

  A.putinB.takeoffC.putonD.putup

  16.Hegotmanygiftshisbirthdayhisfriends.

  A.on,fromB.in,ofC.at,toD.from,for

  17.Theclassroomisquitedifferentthatone.

  A.ofB.fromC.withD.like

  18.Look,you'llseeabridgetheriver.

  A.onB.aboveC.overD.in

  19.–Yourcoatlooksnice,IsItcotton?

-Yes.It'sShanghai.

  A.madeof,madeby B.madeof,madein

  C.madefor,madeinD.madefrommadeby

  20.Towmayfalltheothersbecausehehasmissedsomanylessons.

  A.afterB.behindC.laterD.outof

  二、用适当的介词填空

  1.What'swrong____yourwatch?

  2.One____thestudentsisintheclassroom.

  3.Ithinktheshopisclosed____thistimeofday.

  4.MyfatherteachesEnglish____aschool.

  5.Wehavelunch____themiddleoftheday.

  6.Youcanbuysomeschoolthings____yourwayhome.

  7.Iwasborn____July1,1982.

  8.MayIborrowapencil____you?

  9.Don'tsleep____theopenair.

  10.Ioftenhelpmymother_____thehousework.

  11.It'stime____school.

  12.Ihavequitealot____homeworktodo.

  13.What'sthetime?

It'shalf____seven.

  14.Ducksaregood____swimming.

  15.Whatareyoutalking____?

  16.Heissitting____thefrontofthecar.

  17.Theeraserwaspassed____onestudent____another.

  18.Didyoulive____Beijingin1997?

  19.Whendidyouarrive____thevillage?

  20.IthinkMaryis____dutytoday.

  21.Eatingtoomuchisn'tgood____yourhealth.

  22.I'm

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