高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解.docx
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高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解
2013年高考英语试题分类汇编之科普类阅读理解
【重庆卷】C
Almosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.Wedoknow,however,thattheyexistedover5,500yearsagoinancientAsia.
Theoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn'tbecomepopularforawhile,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.
Butitcouldalsobebecauseofadifficultsituation.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren'tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.Eventually,roadsurfacesdidbecomesmoother,butthisdifficultsituationappearedagainafewcenturieslater.Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.
Inthemid-1700s,aFrenchmancameupwithanewdesignofroad—abaselayer（层）oflargestonescoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstones.AScotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong,lastingroadsurfacebecameareality.Ataroundthesamelime,metalhubs（thecentralpartofawheel）cameintobeing,followedbythepneumatictyre（充气轮胎）in1846.Alloywheelswereinventedin1967,sixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads（柏油路）.Aswheeldesigntookoff,vehiclesgotfasterandfaster.
64.Whatmightexplainwhytransportwheelsdidn'tbecomepopularforsometime?
A.Fewknewhowtousetransportwheels.
B.Humanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustaswell.
C.Animalswereagoodmeansoftransport.
D.Theexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotknown.
65.Whatdoweknowaboutroaddesignfromthepassage?
A.Itwaseasierthanwheeldesign.
B.Itimprovedafterbigchangesinvehicledesign.
C.Itwaspromotedbyfast-movingvehicles.
D.Itprovidedconditionsforwheeldesigntodevelop.
66.Howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped?
A.Bygivingexamples.
B.Bymakingcomparisons.
C.Byfollowingtimeorder.
D.Bymakingclassifications.
67.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.Thebeginningofroaddesign.
B.Thedevelopmentoftransportwheels.
C.Thehistoryofpublictransport.
D.Hisinventionoffast-movingvehicles.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。
全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。
段落
关键词、句
大意推测
第一部分（Para.1）
everymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels、theyexistedover5,500yearsago
每个能移动的机器都有轮子，轮子已经有很久的历史了。
第二部分（Para.2-3）
didn’tbecomepopular、animalsdidaperfectlygoodjob、alsobebecauseofadifficultsituation、wheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces、difficultsituationappearedagain
轮子并未普及，因动物表现不错，还有就是道路状况影响轮子的进一步发展。
第三部分（Para.4）
Inthemid-1700s,inthe1820s,in1846,in1967
不同时期道路设计的发展促进轮子（包括轮胎）的发展。
【解析】
64.C。
推理判断题。
难度：
中等。
题干关键词为didn’tbecomepopular，定位第二段。
根据Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的方面做得不错。
）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。
解题思路：
干扰项排除：
考生易选C项，根据squirmingexcitedly来判断。
这里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表达人物的心理，和调皮是没有关系的。
选quiet，是忽略了squirmingexcitedly的表达。
65.D。
推理判断题。
难度：
较难。
根据题干关键词roaddesign，定位第3段Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。
第4段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子（包括充气轮胎）随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。
由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。
干扰项排除：
考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的句子，有的考生选B、C项意义相近，而A项文中根本没有提及。
66.C。
推理判断题。
难度：
较易。
根据第四段时间数字，Inthemid-1700s、inthe1820s、in1846、in1967，只有C项符合。
67.B。
主旨大意。
难度：
中等。
全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选C项。
解题思路：
【难句学习】
1.Almosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.
翻译：
几乎每台有活动部件的机器都有轮子，然而没有人知道第一个轮子究竟是什么时候发明的或者当时是作什么用途的。
分析：
本句的主干是everymachinehaswheels。
When和what位于knows之后引导两个并列的宾语从句；withmovingparts为介词短语作定语修饰machine。
2.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn’tbecomepopularforawhile,though.
翻译：
证据表明，不过当时轮子用于运输并没有普及。
分析：
本句的主干是Evidencesuggeststhat。
That引导宾语从句，此处suggest意为“暗示、表明”，从句中用陈述语气。
句末though是副词，意为“不过、然而”。
3.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren’tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.
翻译：
尽管轮子需要在平滑的表面上滚动，但是有着光滑路面的道路并没有铺设直到后来对此需求越来越多。
分析：
本句的主干是roadsweren’tgoingtobeconstructed。
While引导让步状语从句，withsmoothsurfaces为介词短语作定语修饰roads，until引导时间状语从句。
【浙江卷】B
Belowisaselectionfromapopularsciencebook.
Ifbloodisred,whyareveins（静脉）blue?
Actually,veinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear,yellowishcolour.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit'soutsidethebody,whenit'ssittinginaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin,it'smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.Attherightdepth,theseblood-filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin,makingthemlookbluebycomparison.
Whichworksharder,yourheartoryourbrain?
Thatkindofdependsonwhetheryouarebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise,andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasupertanker.But,inthelongrun,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart,andittakesfourtofivetunesasmuchbloodtofeedit.
Whydoteethfallout,andwhydon'ttheygrowbackingrown-ups?
Baby（or"milk"）teethdonotlastlong;theyfallouttomakeroomforbigger,strongeradultteethlateron.Adultteethfalloutwhentheybecomedamaged,decayedandinfectedbybacteria.Oncethissecondsetofteethhasgrownin,you'redone.Whenthey'regone,they’regone.Thisisbecausenaturefiguresyou'resetforlife,andwhatcontrolsregrowthofyourteethswitchesoff.
Dooldpeopleshrinkastheyage?
Yesanddo.Manypeopledogetshorterastheyage.But,whentheydo,itisn'tbecausethey'reshrinkingallover.Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffects,ofgravity（重力）.Many（butnotall）menandwomendoloseheightastheygetolder.Menloseanaverageof3-4cminheightastheyage,whilewomenmaylose5cmormore.Ifyoulivetobe200yearsold,wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere,like60cmtall,likealittleboyagain?
No,becauseoldpeopledon'treallyshrink!
Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwards一theirlegs,armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter,it'sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or,moreoften,becomemorebaitandcurved.
Whydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy（眩晕的）?
Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou'reseeingandwhatyou'refeeling.Thebrainsensesthatyou’respinningusingspecialgravity-and-motion-sensingorgansinyourinnerear,whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionandbalancestable.Butwhenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol,andyourbrainthinksyou'removingwhileyou'reDot!
Wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom?
Mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmammalshavethisbrainarea—frommicetodogs,cats,andhumans.Soallmammalsfeelbasicemotionslikefear,painandpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalontheplanet.
Ifexercisewearsyouout,howcanitbegoodforyou?
Becauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned,it’s"useit,orlostit”!
It'snotthatexercisemakesyouhealthy;it'smorethatalackofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.
46.Whatisthecolourofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?
A.Blue.B.Lightyellow.
C.Red.D.Darkreddishpurple.
47.Whydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?
A.Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.
B.Becausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbygravity.
C.Becausetheykeepgrowingbackwards.
D.Becausetheirspinebecomesmorebent.
48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainistrue?
A.Inthelongrun,ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourheart.
B.Whenourbrainsensesthespinning,wewillfelldizzy.
C.Thebrainsoftheothermammalsareascomplexasthoseofhumans.
D.Ourfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourbrain.
49.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?
A.Togiveadviceonhowtostayhealthy.
B.Toprovideinformationaboutourbody.
C.Tochallengenewfindingsinmedicalresearch.
D.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedicalscience.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。
段落
关键词、句
大意推测
Para1.
Aselectionfromapopularsciencebook
畅销科普书的节选
Para2.-14.
Whyareveinsblue;whichworksharder;whydoteethfallout;oldpeopleshrink;whydoesspinningmakesyoudizzy;wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom;howcanexercisebegoodforyou
静脉是蓝色的原因；
大脑比心脏的工作强度更大；
人为什么会换牙；
人老了为什么会变矮；
为什么旋转会让人头晕；
认得情感来自哪里；
锻炼的好处
46.D．细节理解题。
难度：
容易。
从第三段第二行whenit\ssittingintheveinnearthesurfaceoftheshin,it\smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.可知选项D正确
47.D．细节理解题。
难度：
容易。
从第九段的whentheydogetshorter,it’snotbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Ormoreoften,becomemorebentandcurved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他们的脊柱变弯曲。
所以D选项正确。
A选项的内容文中没有提及；B选项不符合文中的内容Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffectsofgravity（重力）；C选项的内容与文中的描述相反。
48.A．细节理解题。
难度：
中等。
从文中butinthelongrun,,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchasenergyasyourheart,可知选项A正确。
第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除B；从第十三段的描述butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalsontheplanet.可知C选项
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