英语学位论文写作教程课件.docx

英语学位论文写作教程课件.docx

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英语学位论文写作教程课件

AcademicWriting

Lecture1Introduction

1.Whatisthecourseabout?

●Amongthevarietiesofacademicdiscourse,theresearchpaper/articlehasgainedprestigeasitbestshowstheverbalandintellectualqualitiesmostsoughtafterinanacademicenvironment.

●Theaimofthiscourseistohelpstudentslearntheskillsnecessaryforproducinganacademicresearchpaperand/oraBAdissertation.

●Thecoursediscussesandexplainstherationalefordifferentsectionsofanacademicpaper.

●Genuineexamplesfromrecentinternationalandlocaljournalsareusedtoexemplifythediscoursestructure,function,andrelevantlinguisticfeaturesofeachsub-section.

●Eachchapterisfollowedbyanumberofexercisesandtaskstoenhancethelearningprocess.

2.Typesofwriting

3.DataandAnalysis

1）Methodofdatacollection（whetherthedatahavebeencollectedexperimentallyornon-experimentally）

2）Thetypeofdatayieldedbytheinvestigation（qualitativeorquantitative）

3）Thetypeofanalysisconductedonthedata（whetherstatisticalorinterpretive）

Threewaysofdatacollection

1）“introspection”（内省）,whichisbasedonthelinguist’sownintuitivecompetenceofthelanguage.Thiswayofgettingdatahasalongtraditionandisstillinoperation.Thus,researchersmakeupexamplesandusethemasdata.Sometimesthecontrivedexamplesarenotacceptedbythemajorityofthespeakersofthatlanguage,andthusarechallenged,butthismethodispopularbecausemanypeoplebelievethatlinguisticdescriptioncanbebasedonthelinguist’sintrospection.

2）“elicitation”（诱导）,whichmeansthatmembersofthespeechcommunityareaskedtoserveasinformantstodecide,ontheirintuitions,whethercertaindescriptionsarecorrect,accurateoracceptable.

Forexample,byusingquestionnairesandinterviews,youcanasknativespeakersofEnglishwhentouse“Heistallerthanme”andwhentouse“HeistallerthanIam”.

3）“observation”（观察）,whichreferstotheideathatbehaviour（e.g.,languageuse）canbeobserved“naturalistically”.Withtherapiddevelopmentsofcomputertechnologyandstudiesincorpuslinguistics,moreandmorepeopleareinterestedingettinginformationofnaturallyoccurringexamples,bothwrittenandspoken,oflanguageusefromexistingcorpora.

So,forexample,insteadofaskingnativespeakersofEnglishwhentheyuse“Heistallerthanme”andwhentheyuse“HeistallerthanIam”,youcangetexamplesandtheirfrequencyinthecorpusyousearch.

AsWiddowson（2000:

74-75）argues,“intuitive,elicited,andobserveddataallhavetheirownvalidity,butthisvaliditydependsonwhatkindofevidenceyouarelookingfor,onwhataspectsoflanguageknowledgeorbehaviouryouareseekingtoexplain.

Ifyouarelookingforevidenceoftheinternalrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind,youaremorelikelytofavourintuitionandelicitation.

Ifyouarelookingforevidenceofhowlanguagesetsupexternallinkswithsociety,thenyouaremorelikelytolooktotheobserveddataofactualoccurrence.

Thevalidityofdifferentkindsoflinguisticdataisnotabsolutebutrelative:

onekindisnomore‘real’thananother.Itdependsonwhatyouclaimthedataareevidenceof,andwhatyouaretryingtoexplain.”

4.Researchparadigms

Grotjahn1987.“Onthemethodologicalbasisofintrospectivemethods”.InC.Faerch&G.Kasper（eds.）IntrospectioninSecondLanguageResearch.ClevedonAvon,England:

MultilingualMatters.

Mixingandmatchingtheabovevariablesprovidesuswithtwo“pure”researchparadigms:

Two“pure”paradigms

（1）the“exploratory-interpretive”paradigm,whichutilisesanon-experimentalmethod,yieldsqualitativedata,andprovidesaninterpretiveanalysisofthatdata.

（2）the“analytical-nomological”paradigm,inwhichthedataarecollectedthroughanexperiment,andyieldsquantitativedatawhicharesubjectedtostatisticalanalysis.

（nomological（法则）science：

试图在人类社会中确立类似于自然规律的法则的一类社会科学）

Six“mixed”paradigms

（3）Experimental-qualitative-interpretive

Experimentalorquasi-experimentaldesign

Qualitativedata

Interpretiveanalysis

（4）Experimental-qualitative-statistical

Experimentalorquasi-experimentaldesign

Qualitativedata

Statisticalanalysis

（5）Exploratory-qualitative-statistical

Non-experimentaldesign

Qualitativedata

Statisticalanalysis

（6）Exploratory-quantitative-statistical

Non-experimentaldesign

Quantitativedata

Statisticalanalysis

（7）Exploratory-quantitative-interpretive

Non-experimentaldesign

Quantitativedata

Interpretiveanalysis

（8）Experimental-quantitative-interpretive

Experimentalorquasi-experimentaldesign

Quantitativedata

Interpretiveanalysis

5.Typesofresearch

Brown,J.D.1988.UnderstandingResearchinSecondLanguageLearning.Cambridge:

CUP.

●Primaryresearchvssecondaryresearch

Primaryresearchisderivedfromtheprimarysourceofinformationratherthanfromsecondarysource

Secondaryresearchconsistsofreviewingtheliteratureinagivenarea,andsynthesisingtheresearchcarriedoutbyothers

●Basicresearchvs.appliedresearch

Basicresearch:

theory-oriented,noimmediatepracticaluse

Appliedresearch:

practice-oriented,obviousimmediatepracticaluse

6.Importanttermsandconcepts

●essay

●project

●paper（researchpaper,termpaper,scientificpaper）

●article（researcharticle）

●reviewarticle

●researchproposal

●report

●study

●dissertation（graduatedissertation）

●thesis（graduatethesis）

7.Concludingremarks

（1）Researchasatask/academicrequirement

（2）Researchasanoccupation

（3）Researchasahobby

（4）From“conscious”to“unconscious”

（5）Learningtodoresearchisgoingthroughaprocess.

Anexercise

AcourtcasebetweenMcDonald’sCorporationandQualityInnsInternational,Inc.

Cause:

theuseof“McSleep”（hotel）

Background:

McDonald’sarguedtheyhavecreateda“McLanguage”andchildrenaretaughttohowto“Mc-ise”thestandardvocabularyofgenericwordstocreate“McFries”,“McFish”,“McShakes”and“McBest”.

RogerShuy,anAmericanforensiclinguist,wasaskedbyQualityInnstohelpwithtwolinguisticarguments:

（1）themorpheme“Mc”wasincommonuseproductively,whenitwasnotseentobelinkedinanywaytoMcDonald’s,

（2）suchexamplesshowedthattheprefix,originallypatronymic,equivalentinmeaningtothe“son”in“Johnson”,hadbecomegenericandthusnowhasameaningofitsown,whichwasrecognizablydistinctfrombothoftheothermeanings“sonof”and“associatedwithMcDonald’s”.

Researchmethods

Shuy:

choseacorpuslinguisticapproachandsearchedtofindrealtextinstancesof“Mcmorphemes”;amongthe56exampleshefoundweregeneraltermslikeMcArt,McCinema,McSurgeryandMcPrisons,aswellassomeitemsalreadybeingusedcommerciallyliketheMcThriftMotorInn,abudgetmotelwithaScottishmotifandMcTekacomputerdiscountstorewhichspecializedinAppleMaccomputerproducts.Onthebasisofsuchexamples,Shuyarguedthattheprefixhadbecomeinthelanguageatlargealexicalitemwithitsownmeaningof“basic,convenient,inexpensiveandstandardized”.

Ratherthanusecorpusevidencethemselves,McDonald’shiredmarketresearcherstoaccessthepublic’sperceptionoftheprefixdirectlythroughinterviewandquestionnaireandtheyreportedthatconsumersdidindeedassociatetheprefixwithMcDonald’s,aswellaswithreliability,speed,convenienceandcheapness.

Facedwithconflictingevidence,thejudgeruledinfavorofMcDonald’s,therebygivingthemmassivecontrolovertheuseofthemorpheme.

Lecture2Preliminaries

1.Introduction

Amongdifferenttypesofwrittenacademicdiscourse,theresearchpaperisprobablythemostimportantasitembodiesthemanyintellectualandlinguisticskillsthatareneededinanacademicenvironmentsuchasinacollegeorauniversity.

Becauseofthis,educatorsatthetertiarylevelallovertheworldhavepaidalotofattentiontothedesignoftheresearchpaperandmanybooksandpublishedpapershavebeendevotedtotheteachingoftheskillsthatarerequiredforstarting,continuing,andcompletingasuccessfulresearchpaper.

Whenwepreparearesearchpaperwestudyatopic,issue,orproblemintheoutsideworld.Wemaybedealingwithhumans,objects,orabstractphenomenaintheirenvironments.Weconsidercontexts,situations,andfactorsthatmayinfluencethebehaviorofhumans,affecttheconditionofobjects,orchangethestateoftheabstractphenomenaunderourinvestigation.

Ofnecessityourstudycannotbetoogeneralaswemayendupwithgeneralizationsthatareeitherknowntootherresearchersinthefieldorhavelittleapplicationincontextsofsituationthatwewouldliketointervene.Asignificantaspectofanyresearchpaper,therefore,istheprocessoffocusingonthetopicunderinvestigation.

2.Focusingonatopic

Therearemanyaspects/sidestoanysubjectordisciplinethatwestudyatauniversity.Onewayofbreakingdownasubjectintoanumberofsmallersub-topicsistolookatthesubjectclassificationsprovidedbyalibrary.Forexample,underthesubjectofEducationwemayhaveEducationinChina,PrimaryEducationinChina,PrimaryEducationinGuangdongProvinceinChina,etc.

Thisshowsthatwecancontinuenarrowingdown（focusingupon）thetopicofourstudy.Forourresearchitisalsopossibletohaveamaintitleandasub-titleasinForeignLanguageEducationinChina:

TeachingEnglishWritingSkillstoPrimarySchoolStudentsinGuangdongProvince.

●

Linguistics

●FunctionalLinguistics

●SystemicFunctionalLinguistics

●Lexico-grammar

●Metafunction

●Textualfunction

●Cohesion

●Grammaticalcohesion

●Reference

●Personalreference

●“he”（3rdperson,singular

●“