英语语言学名词.docx
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英语语言学名词
现代语言学
一绪论
1Linguisitics:
语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
语音学Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变
3Phonology:
音韵学Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.
4Morphology:
形态学Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
句法学Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Forexample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
语义学Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample:
“Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.同义词、反义词,同音词
7Pragmatics:
语用学Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。
8Sociolinguistics:
社会语言Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample:
regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.方言,
9Psycholinguistics:
语言心理Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
二音系学
1Phonetics:
语音学Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
2Phonology:
音韵Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
3Phone:
语音Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.
4Phoneme:
音素;音位Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
5Allophone:
音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
6Complementarydistribution:
互补分布,语言学专业名词。
当两个语言成分(辅音、元音、词素等)不能在同一个环境中出现,即可形成语言互补分布。
Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
7Minimalpair:
最小对,在一种语言中,在某一方面差异最小的一组成分Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
8Stress:
重读Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.
9tones:
声调Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.
10Intonation:
语调Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish
三形态学
1morphology:
形态学Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2inflectionalmorphology:
曲折形态学Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.
3derivationalmorphology:
派生形态学Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
4morpheme:
Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
5freemorpheme:
自由语素Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.
6boundmorpheme:
黏着词素Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
7root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.
8affix:
词缀Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.
9prefix:
前缀Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.
10suffix:
后缀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
11derivation:
派生Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.
12compounding:
复合词Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
四句法学
1linguisticcompetence:
Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
2sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.
3transformationrules:
Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.
4D-structure:
Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.
5Moveа:
Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа
五语义学
1semantics:
语义学Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
2sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.
3reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
4synonymy:
同义词Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.
5polysemy:
一词多义Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.
6antonymy:
反义词Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.
7homonymy:
同音异意Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.
8hyponymy:
下义关系Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
9componentialanalysis:
成分分析Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.
10grammaticalmeaning:
语法意义Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.
11semanticmeaning:
Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.
12predication:
预言Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.
六语用学
1pragmatics:
Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.
2context:
语境,上下文Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
3utterancemeaning:
话语意义Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.
4locutionaryact:
言内行为Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.
5illocutionaryact:
言外行为Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.
6perlocutionaryact:
言后行为Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:
itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.
七历史语言学
1historicallinguistics:
Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.
2apocope:
字尾音消失(省略)Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.
3epenthesis:
插入音Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.
4metathesis:
音位转换,语音异位Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.
5compounding:
Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.
6derivation:
Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.
7blending:
Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.
8back-formation:
Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.
9semanticbroadening:
Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.
10semanticnarrowing:
Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.
11semanticshift:
Sema