北京大学英文翻译练习.docx
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北京大学英文翻译练习
Linkinglandscapeandhealth:
Therecurringtheme
CatharineWardThompson,a,
aOPENspaceResearchCentre,EdinburghCollegeofArt,LauristonPlace,EdinburghEH39DF,UK
Received19April2010; revised23September2010; accepted8October2010. Availableonline10December2010.
Abstract
Thispapertracesevidenceoftheinfluenceofthelandscapeonpeople'shealth,fromancienttimestothepresentday,notinghowaccesstonatureandattractivegreenspaceshasbeenarecurringthemeindescriptionsoftherapeuticenvironmentsandassociatedhealthylifestyles.ItdescribeshowthethemeofhealthinthepicturesquedebatesofeighteenthcenturyEngland(includingsuchconceptsas‘activecuriosity’)wastakenupanddevelopedinargumentsforthenineteenthcenturyurbanparkmovementinEnglandandNorthAmerica.Recenttheoriesonthemechanismsbehindhealthbenefitsofnatureandaccesstolandscapearecomparedwithclaimsmadeinthenineteenthcenturyandearlier.Theimportanceofaccesstothelandscapeappearstobeasrelevantaseverinthecontextofmodernurbanlifestylesbuttheneedforbetterevidenceandunderstandingremains.
Researchhighlights
Cultureshaverecognisedthesalutogenicvalueoflandscapesthroughouthistory ThepicturesquedebatesofeighteenthcenturyEnglandincludedtherapeuticeffects Healthwasakeythemeinthenineteenthcenturyurbanparkmovement Modernpsychologyhasconfirmedearlierideasonmentalengagementwithlandscape Researchisstillneededoncausalmechanismsbetweenlandscapeandhealth.
Kewords:
History;Healthandwellbeing;Landscape;Nature;Greenspace
CommunityvaluesandattitudestowardslanduseontheGnangaraGroundwaterSystem:
ASenseofPlacestudyinPerth,WesternAustralia
SoradaTapsuwan,a,,ZoeLevistonaandDavidTuckera
aCSIROEcosystemSciences,PrivateBag5,Wembley,WA6913,Australia
Received4March2010; revised1September2010; accepted27September2010. Availableonline8December2010.
Abstract
ClimatechangeisexacerbatinganeverincreasingdemandonPerth'straditionalwatersources.OneofthesewatersourcesistheGnangaraGroundwaterSystem(GGS).LandusesabovetheGroundwaterSystemdirectlyaffectswaterinfiltrationandsubsequentaquiferrechargeand,assuch,needtobecarefullyconsideredtoensurefuturewatersupplysecurityforPerth.Communityacceptancehasbeendemonstratedtobeanintegralcomponentofeffectivelanduseplanning.ThepsychologicalconceptofSenseofPlace(incorporatingthenotionsofidentity,attachmentanddependence)canbeusedtopredictintentiontoacceptorrejectlanduseplanningdecisions.ResultsfromaSenseofPlacestudyindicatedthatthreedistinctconstructsemerge,whicharethecognitive,emotionalandbehaviouralbondswithplacesontheGGS.SenseofPlaceisnotlimitedtoonlypeoplewholiveintheGGSareabuttoallPerthpeople.FindingsfromthisstudydefythetraditionalassumptionthatSenseofPlaceisdependanttosomeextentonproximitytothelocation.Thepolicyimplicationisthatsocialboundariescanextendbeyondgeographicalormanagementboundariesofaplace.
Researchhighlights
AppliestripartiteSenseofPlacetomultiplelanduseandgroundwatermanagement. ResultsfromSEMconfirmthesignificanceofthetripartiteSenseofPlacemodel. Placeidentity,attachmentanddependencearecorrelatedbutdistinctlydifferent. Placeidentity,attachmentanddependenceextendbeyondmanagementboundaries.
Keywords:
Structuralequationmodelling;Multivariateanalysis;Internetsurvey;Australia
Aframeworkfordevelopingurbanforestecosystemservicesandgoodsindicators
CynnamonDobbsa,,,FranciscoJ.Escobedoa, andWayneC.Zippererb,
aSchoolofForestResourcesandConservation,UniversityofFlorida,361Newins-ZieglerHall,POBox110410,Gainesville,FL,USA
bSouthernResearchStation,USDAForestService,Bldg164MowryRd.,POBOX110806,Gainesville,FL32611,USA
Received21June2010; revised25October2010; accepted4November2010. Availableonline8December2010.
Abstract
Thesocialandecologicalprocessesimpactingonurbanforestshavebeenstudiedatmultipletemporalandspatialscalesinordertohelpusquantify,monitor,andvaluetheecosystemservicesthatbenefitpeople.Fewstudieshavecomprehensivelyanalyzedthefullsuiteofecosystemservices,goods(ESG),andecosystemdisservicesprovidedbyanurbanforest.Indicators,however,areoneapproachthatcouldbeusedtobetterunderstandthestructureofanurbanforest,thesuiteofESGprovidedbyurbanforests,andtheirinfluenceonhumanwell-beingusingasimple,innovativeandrepeatablemetric.Thisstudypresentsaframeworkfordevelopingindicatorsusingfielddata,anurbanforestfunctionalmodel,andtheliterature.UrbantreeandsoilindicatorsforgroupsofecosystemfunctionswereusedtostatisticallyanalyzetheeffectsofurbanmorphologyandsocioeconomicsonurbanforestESG.FindingsshowthatthemostinfluentialESGindicatorsweretreecover,soilpH,andsoilorganicmatter.Indicatorsweresignificantlyinfluencedbylanduseandtimesinceurbanization,whileanalysesofpropertyvaluesandhouseholdincomedidnotyieldanyparticularlysignificantresults.Theindicatorspresentedinthispaperpresentafirstapproachtonon-monetaryvaluationofurbanforestESGandcanbeusedtodevelopurbanforeststructuremanagementgoalsandtomonitortheeffectsofurbangreeningpoliciesonhumanwell-being.
Researchhighlights
Urbanforestecosystemservicesandgoodsaredependentontreecover. Indicatorsforecosystemservicesandgoodsareinfluencebylanduseandtimesinceurbanization. Indicatorspresentedinthisstudyarethefirstapproachforanon-monetaryvaluationofurbanforestecosystemservicesandgoods. Indicatorscanbeusedasatoolforevaluationofpoliciesormanagementregimes.
Keywords:
Urbanecosystem;Urbansoils;Ecosystemservices;Disservices;Florida
Habitatassociationsandsurveyeffortforshrublandbirdsinanurbanpinebarrenspreserve
JasonT.Brieda,,,KateE.Langwigb,1,,AmielleA.Dewanc, andNeilA.Gifforda,
aAlbanyPineBushPreserveCommission,195NewKarnerRoad,Albany,NY12205,USA
bNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation,625Broadway,5thFloor,Albany,NY12233,USA
cDefendersofWildlife,113017thStreetNW,Washington,DC20036,USA
Received14May2010; revised24September2010; accepted8October2010. Availableonline8December2010.
Abstract
InlandpinebarrensoffertheraresttypeofshrublandhabitatinthenortheasternUnitedStatesandmaycontributedisproportionatelytotheregionaldiversityandconservationofshrublandbirds.Testinglocalhabitatspecializationandestimatingsurveyeffortisneededtoinformmanagementofpinebarrensforthisrapidlydecliningaviangroup.WeevaluatedshrublandbirdhabitatassociationsinaheavilyurbanizedpinebarrensofthenortheasternUnitedStates,andusedoccupancy-detectionsamplingandanalysistoestimatethenumberofsamplepointsandsurveysforpoint-basedmonitoringofshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens.Althoughforestareawassignificantlygreaterthanshrublandarea,8of11reliablymodeledspeciesshowedevidenceofassociationforshrubland,andarethuspotentiallyusefulasindicatorsofpinebarrensshrublandqualityandmanagementtoavertsuccession.Fromtheanalysisofsurveyeffort,wesuggesttwodesignoptionsforpoint-basedmonitoringofshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens:
(1)includeenoughpointstocoveratleast3%ofthestudyareaandsurveyeachpoint≥5timespreferablyduring05:
00–08:
00hr,or
(2)reducethepointsample,tonolessthanabout2%ofstudyarea,andincreasethesurveyreplicationto≥10surveys.Threesurveys,assuggestedbyshrublandbirdexpertsforanthropogenicearly-successionalhabitats(e.g.,utilitycorridors)andbyothersasageneralrule,mayrequiretoomanysamplepointstofeasiblymonitorshrublandbirdsinpinebarrens.
Researchhighlights
Abouttwo-thirdsofshrublandbirdspeciesanalyzedshowedevidenceofshrublandassociationinahighlyalteredpinebarrenslandscape. Correctingfordetectionprobabilitymodifiedbutdidnotdrasticallychangethemainconclusionsofadetection-naïveanalysis. Werecommendaminimumoffivesurveys,notthreeaswidelysuggested,forshrublandbirdpointcountsinpinebarrens. Thesampleofpointcountstationsshouldcoveratleast3%ofthestudyarea.
Keywords:
Urbanecosystem;Occupancy;Detectionprobability;Habitatmanagement;Samplingdesign;Indicator
DriversoflandabandonmentinSouthernChileandimplicationsforlandscapeplanning
G.IgnacioDíaza,b,,LauraNahuelhuala,c,,,CristianEcheverríad, andSandraMaríne,
aInstitutodeEconomíaAgraria,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile
bEscueladeGraduados,FacultaddeCienciasAgrarias,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile
cFundaciónCentrodelosBosquesNativos,FORECOS,Casilla#567,Valdivia,Chile
dDepartamentodeBosquesyManejoAmbiental,UniversidaddeConcepción,Casilla#160-C,Concepción,Chile
eInstitutodeAcuicultura,CampusPuertoMontt,UniversidadAustraldeChile,Casilla#1327,PuertoMontt,Chile
Received14May2010; revised28October2010; accepted5November2010. Availableonline10December2010.
Abstract
Inrecentdecades,landabandonmenthasbecomeoneofthemostimportanttrendsinlanduseandcoverchange.ThisstudyidentifiesdriversoflandabandonmentinSouthernChilethroughaspatiallyexplicitstatisticalmodel,basedonaneconomictheoreticalframework.Alo