北京大学英文翻译练习.docx

1、北京大学英文翻译练习Linking landscape and health: The recurring themeCatharine Ward Thompson, a,a OPENspace Research Centre, Edinburgh College of Art, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9DF, UKReceived 19 April 2010; revised 23 September 2010; accepted 8 October 2010. Available online 10 December 2010.AbstractThi

2、s paper traces evidence of the influence of the landscape on peoples health, from ancient times to the present day, noting how access to nature and attractive green spaces has been a recurring theme in descriptions of therapeutic environments and associated healthy lifestyles. It describes how the t

3、heme of health in the picturesque debates of eighteenth century England (including such concepts as active curiosity) was taken up and developed in arguments for the nineteenth century urban park movement in England and North America. Recent theories on the mechanisms behind health benefits of natur

4、e and access to landscape are compared with claims made in the nineteenth century and earlier. The importance of access to the landscape appears to be as relevant as ever in the context of modern urban lifestyles but the need for better evidence and understanding remains.Research highlightsCultures

5、have recognised the salutogenic value of landscapes throughout history The picturesque debates of eighteenth century England included therapeutic effects Health was a key theme in the nineteenth century urban park movement Modern psychology has confirmed earlier ideas on mental engagement with lands

6、cape Research is still needed on causal mechanisms between landscape and health.Kewords: History; Health and wellbeing; Landscape; Nature; Green spaceCommunity values and attitudes towards land use on the Gnangara Groundwater System: A Sense of Place study in Perth, Western AustraliaSorada Tapsuwan,

7、 a, , Zoe Levistona and David Tuckeraa CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, AustraliaReceived 4 March 2010; revised 1 September 2010; accepted 27 September 2010. Available online 8 December 2010.AbstractClimate change is exacerbating an ever increasing demand on Perths traditio

8、nal water sources. One of these water sources is the Gnangara Groundwater System (GGS). Land uses above the Groundwater System directly affects water infiltration and subsequent aquifer recharge and, as such, need to be carefully considered to ensure future water supply security for Perth. Community

9、 acceptance has been demonstrated to be an integral component of effective land use planning. The psychological concept of Sense of Place (incorporating the notions of identity, attachment and dependence) can be used to predict intention to accept or reject land use planning decisions. Results from

10、a Sense of Place study indicated that three distinct constructs emerge, which are the cognitive, emotional and behavioural bonds with places on the GGS. Sense of Place is not limited to only people who live in the GGS area but to all Perth people. Findings from this study defy the traditional assump

11、tion that Sense of Place is dependant to some extent on proximity to the location. The policy implication is that social boundaries can extend beyond geographical or management boundaries of a place.Research highlightsApplies tripartite Sense of Place to multiple land use and groundwater management.

12、 Results from SEM confirm the significance of the tripartite Sense of Place model. Place identity, attachment and dependence are correlated but distinctly different. Place identity, attachment and dependence extend beyond management boundaries.Keywords: Structural equation modelling; Multivariate an

13、alysis; Internet survey; AustraliaA framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indicatorsCynnamon Dobbsa, , , Francisco J. Escobedoa, and Wayne C. Zippererb,a School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 361 Newins-Ziegler Hall, PO Box 110410, Gainesvil

14、le, FL, USAb Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bldg 164 Mowry Rd., PO BOX 110806, Gainesville, FL 32611, USAReceived 21 June 2010; revised 25 October 2010; accepted 4 November 2010. Available online 8 December 2010.AbstractThe social and ecological processes impacting on urban forests

15、have been studied at multiple temporal and spatial scales in order to help us quantify, monitor, and value the ecosystem services that benefit people. Few studies have comprehensively analyzed the full suite of ecosystem services, goods (ESG), and ecosystem disservices provided by an urban forest. I

16、ndicators, however, are one approach that could be used to better understand the structure of an urban forest, the suite of ESG provided by urban forests, and their influence on human well-being using a simple, innovative and repeatable metric. This study presents a framework for developing indicato

17、rs using field data, an urban forest functional model, and the literature. Urban tree and soil indicators for groups of ecosystem functions were used to statistically analyze the effects of urban morphology and socioeconomics on urban forest ESG. Findings show that the most influential ESG indicator

18、s were tree cover, soil pH, and soil organic matter. Indicators were significantly influenced by land use and time since urbanization, while analyses of property values and household income did not yield any particularly significant results. The indicators presented in this paper present a first app

19、roach to non-monetary valuation of urban forest ESG and can be used to develop urban forest structure management goals and to monitor the effects of urban greening policies on human well-being.Research highlightsUrban forest ecosystem services and goods are dependent on tree cover. Indicators for ec

20、osystem services and goods are influence by land use and time since urbanization. Indicators presented in this study are the first approach for a non-monetary valuation of urban forest ecosystem services and goods. Indicators can be used as a tool for evaluation of policies or management regimes.Key

21、words: Urban ecosystem; Urban soils; Ecosystem services; Disservices; FloridaHabitat associations and survey effort for shrubland birds in an urban pine barrens preserveJason T. Brieda, , , Kate E. Langwigb, 1, , Amielle A. Dewanc, and Neil A. Gifforda,a Albany Pine Bush Preserve Commission, 195 New

22、 Karner Road, Albany, NY 12205, USAb New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY 12233, USAc Defenders of Wildlife, 1130 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, USAReceived 14 May 2010; revised 24 September 2010; accepted 8 October 2010. Available onlin

23、e 8 December 2010.AbstractInland pine barrens offer the rarest type of shrubland habitat in the northeastern United States and may contribute disproportionately to the regional diversity and conservation of shrubland birds. Testing local habitat specialization and estimating survey effort is needed

24、to inform management of pine barrens for this rapidly declining avian group. We evaluated shrubland bird habitat associations in a heavily urbanized pine barrens of the northeastern United States, and used occupancy-detection sampling and analysis to estimate the number of sample points and surveys

25、for point-based monitoring of shrubland birds in pine barrens. Although forest area was significantly greater than shrubland area, 8 of 11 reliably modeled species showed evidence of association for shrubland, and are thus potentially useful as indicators of pine barrens shrubland quality and manage

26、ment to avert succession. From the analysis of survey effort, we suggest two design options for point-based monitoring of shrubland birds in pine barrens: (1) include enough points to cover at least 3% of the study area and survey each point 5 times preferably during 05:0008:00 hr, or (2) reduce the

27、 point sample, to no less than about 2% of study area, and increase the survey replication to 10 surveys. Three surveys, as suggested by shrubland bird experts for anthropogenic early-successional habitats (e.g., utility corridors) and by others as a general rule, may require too many sample points

28、to feasibly monitor shrubland birds in pine barrens.Research highlightsAbout two-thirds of shrubland bird species analyzed showed evidence of shrubland association in a highly altered pine barrens landscape. Correcting for detection probability modified but did not drastically change the main conclu

29、sions of a detection-nave analysis. We recommend a minimum of five surveys, not three as widely suggested, for shrubland bird point counts in pine barrens. The sample of point count stations should cover at least 3% of the study area.Keywords: Urban ecosystem; Occupancy; Detection probability; Habit

30、at management; Sampling design; IndicatorDrivers of land abandonment in Southern Chile and implications for landscape planningG. Ignacio Daza, b, , Laura Nahuelhuala, c, , , Cristian Echeverrad, and Sandra Marne,a Instituto de Economa Agraria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla #567, Valdivia, Ch

31、ileb Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla #567, Valdivia, Chilec Fundacin Centro de los Bosques Nativos, FORECOS, Casilla #567, Valdivia, Chiled Departamento de Bosques y Manejo Ambiental, Universidad de Concepcin, Casilla #160-C, Concepcin, Chil

32、ee Instituto de Acuicultura, Campus Puerto Montt, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla #1327, Puerto Montt, ChileReceived 14 May 2010; revised 28 October 2010; accepted 5 November 2010. Available online 10 December 2010.AbstractIn recent decades, land abandonment has become one of the most important trends in land use and cover change. This study identifies drivers of land abandonment in Southern Chile through a spatially explicit statistical model, based on an economic theoretical framework. A lo