长难句突破.docx
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长难句突破
考研英语长难句突破课程讲义
主讲:
屠皓民
第一讲句子的基本成分
句子成分:
主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。
注:
“_____”的部分是主干部分。
例:
Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.
谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分,也是整个句子的突破口。
只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。
一、谓语
1、实义动词,即行为动词,watch,play
及物动词:
后面直接宾语
不及物动词:
后面加介词+宾语
Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.
Theexaminationendedat11:
30am.
Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..
不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用,比如close,begin,study,leave,work等
Thepostofficescloseat9:
00o’clockPM.
Closethewindow!
形式变化:
时态变化,语态变化,用情态动词+实义动词的原型,情态动词+have+过去分词形式
2、系动词(构成系表结构)
Be动词
持续的系动词:
keep,taste,…后面加形容词
Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.
Thesearchproveddifficult.
二、主语和宾语
(1)认识名词:
①名词是用来表示人,事物,地点,以及抽象事物名称的。
比如:
人:
John,sister,father
事物:
water,air,sun,computer
地点:
London,theater
抽象事物:
love,happiness,imagination,hope
②名词的数:
注意单复数
③名词的格:
‘s以及of
逻辑语义:
Rachel:
I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.
Doctor:
I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(产科医生)
——老友记
of:
理清逻辑语义
表示所有关系:
翻译方法:
“AofB”翻译成“B的A”
Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.
Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.
特殊:
Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.
(2)语法功能:
充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。
例:
Thereasonsareclearnow.
Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.
Hehasmadeclearthefacts.
Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.
Itisthequestion.
Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.
Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.
Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.
注:
代词与名词关系十分紧密,与名词形成特定的指代关系。
分为以下几类:
人称代词:
I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it
形容词性物主代词:
my/your/his/her/its/
名词性物主代词:
mine/yours/his/hers/its
反身代词:
myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself
不定代词:
every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)
疑问代词:
that/what/which/whose/who/whom
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(3)名词性结构:
动名词与不定式
①动名词与不定式做主语
例:
WatchingTVismyhobby.
Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.
Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.
(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.
(2009.阅读)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.
Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.
Toerr(犯错)ishuman;toforgive,divine(神圣的).
Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.
②动名词与不定式做宾语
例:
Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.
BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.
(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.
③动名词与不定式检测题
(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.
(4)主语从句、宾语从句
注:
把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。
①主语从句:
that引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。
ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.
Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.
Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.
②宾语从句:
that引导(可省—陈述句)、whether等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。
I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.
Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.
Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.
Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.
(5)从句检测题:
Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡导者)offree-marketeconomictheories.
(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.
4.定语
(1)形容词:
Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.
Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.
(2)形容词性从句:
定语从句——限定性定语从句(that可)、非限定性定语从句(that否)。
Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.
Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.
例:
(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:
groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.
①关系代词引导的定语从句:
that引导(做连词可省)、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whose引导。
例:
Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入,套入)eachday’sevents.
Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.
The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina,referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.
注:
先行词被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little序数词,形容词最高级,theonly.theone,thevery,theright和thelast等成分修饰时,用that.
ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.
that不用在非限定性定语从句在中
that不用在介词后面
②关系副词引导的定语从句:
when引导、where引导、why引导、whereby引导。
Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.
Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.
as引导的定语从句:
a.引导限定性定语从句such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…;
例:
(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并购)wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.
TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.
b.引导非限定性定语从句:
作文常用句型:
Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…
(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what
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(3)分词:
现在分词、过去分词——时态与主被动
①语法功能:
定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。
定语:
a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.
Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.
b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.
IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.
c.分词作定语检测题:
(1996年语法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.
A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives
(2003年63题)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.
5.状语
(1)副词
注:
状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。
例:
Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.
Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.
Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.
Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenminUniversitybecausehisperformanceonoralEnglishwasreallybad.(表示上下文关系)
(2)介词充当状语
①介词的定义:
中介作用(介词与名词的搭配,介词与形容词的搭配,介词与动词的搭配)
②常见介词基本意义总结:
空间关系:
in,on,at
时间关系:
in,on,at
论及、牵涉关系:
about,on,over
介词原因关系:
becauseof,for
方法手段:
by,with,in
组成构成:
of,from,with
让步关系:
despite,inspiteof
排除关系:
except,but
其他常见介词:
besides;among;towards;between
介词或短语介词的语法功能在句中的体现:
注:
无论是介词还是短语介词后面所接的词都是名词性的。
Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.
Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.
(3)副词性从句:
状语从句……时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。
①时间状语从句:
正点……as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when;之前……before;之后……after,since,once;
例:
Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.
Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).
***“not...until"的四种不同句式:
a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.
b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________
c.倒装句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.
d.强调句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.
注:
分享同一翻译:
直到……才。
(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.
时间状语从句检测题:
(1991年语法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.
A.HardlyhadhebeganB.Nosoonerhadhebegan
C.NotuntilhebeganD.Scarcelydidhebegan
(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.
A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when
(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).
A.afterB.byC.duringD.until
②地点状语从句:
everywhere/anywhere/wherever;
例:
(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.
③条件状语从句:
suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;
ifonly:
只要;onlyif:
只有
(1996年语法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3
Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.
A.eversinceB.muchasC.eventhoughD.ifonly
(2004年完形42)
Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.
A.onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversince
suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing注:
相当于if
例:
Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?
Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.
Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.
(1993语法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingyoudon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.
A.providedB.unlessC.thoughD.until
aslongas...
(2002Text4)Aslo