英语国家概况笔记全.docx
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英语国家概况笔记全
PartonetheUnitedKingdomofBritainandNorthIreland
p31What’sthedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,
England,theUKandtheBritishCommonwealth?
2tell3geographicalnamesoftheUK
3tellthe3politicaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain
p41theBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritish
CommonwealthoftheCommonwealthofNationsin1931
2theCommonwealth
3Describethegeographicalposition(features)ofBritain
4itisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthand
theNorthSeaintheeast
5theEnglishChannel
p51Chunnel
2thenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands.
3Englandoccupiesthelargest,southernpartofGreatBritainwithWalestoits
westandScotlandtoitsnorth.
4WhereaboutsinGreatBritainaremostlyhighlandandlowland
p61thePennines
2tellthe3naturalzonesinScotland
3BenNevis,thehighestmountaininBritainislocatedScotland.
p71inBritain,thelongestriveristheSevenRiver
2ThamesRiver
p8thelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIreland
p91WhatfactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain
2tellthecharacteristicsofBritain’sclimate
p111DescribethedistributionofBritain’spopulation
2Britainhasapopulationof57,411,000
3Britainisadenselypopulatedcountrywithanaverageof237peoplepersquare
kilometreanditisveryunevenlydistributed.
p121WhatisthedifferencebetweenancestorsoftheEnglishandScot,Welshand
Irish
2DuringthefifthcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theGermanicAnglesandSaxons
invadedandconqueredBritain.
3ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxonsthatthe
EnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewereborn.
p131WhatarethedifferencesincharacterandspeechbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland
2inBritain,southernersspeakthetypeofEnglishclosertoBBCEnglish
3Cockney
4theancestorsoftheWelshweretheancientBritons
p141Eisteddfodau
2HowdotheWelshkeeptheirlanguageandculture?
3What’sthemainprobleminNorthIreland?
p151theimmigrantscamefromtheWestIndies,IndiaandPakistan(排除型选择)
2WhichpartofBritainhasthemostrainfallandwhichpartisthedriest?
p161thefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians
2WhydowesaythatEnglishnationisamixtureonnationalityofdifferentorigin?
p171EarliestinvasionofEnglandisbyCelts
2theCeltsbegantoarriveabout700BCandkeptcominguntilthearrivalofthe
Romans.
p181theCelts’sreligionwasDruidism
2BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion
3JuliusCaesar
4fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation
p191Hadrian’sWall
2AntonineWall
3Yorkhadbeencreatedasanorthernstronghold
p201thefirstChristianEmperor,Constantine,wasproclaimedinAD306
2tellwhytheRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimited
3WhoweretheAnglo-Saxons,howdidHeptarchycomeintobeing?
p211Angles
2sevenprincipalkingdoms
3Heptarchy
4whentheNorthumbrianssubmittedtohimandtookhimfortheirmasterin829,
EgbertactuallybecameanoverlordofalltheEnglish
5theAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain
p221amonkcalledColumbaestablishedamonastery.
2St.Augustine
3WhatcontributionsdidtheearlyAnglo-SaxonsmaketoEnglishstate?
p231Witan
2Anglo-Saxonsalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem
3Anglo-SaxonscreatedtheWitan
4Alfred
5theDanelaw
6Alfredisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”
7AlfredtheGreat
p24KingEdward,the“Confessor”,seemedmoreconcernedwiththebuildingof
WestminsterAbbeythanwithaffairsofstate.
p251tellthereasonofthebattleonHastings
21066,WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbeybytheArchbishop
ofYork
p261theNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebestknowneventinEnglishhistory.
2WilliamtheConqueror
3theNormanConquest
4themodernnamesofEnglandEnglishderivefromtheAngles
5WhoweretheVikings?
6WhatdoyouknowaboutStAugustine?
p271underWilliam’ssystem,atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevilleins
orserfs,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.
2WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-SaxonKings,withtheGrand
Councilofhisnewtenantsinchief
p281DomesdayBook
2DomesdayBookcompletedin1086,wastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland
madein1085
p291William,knownasWilliamRufusbecauseofhisredcomplexion
2HenryIIwasthefirstkingoftheHouseofPlantagenet.
3HowdidKingHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchy?
p301HowdidHenryIIreformthecourts&law?
2InHenryII’sreignacommonlaw,wasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthe
customsofthemanor.
p311WhatwasthequrrelbetweenKingHenryIIandThomasBecket?
2exceptionalprivilegesenjoyedbytheclergythatbroughtKingHenryinto
collisionwithThomasBecket
3theGreatCouncilofHenryIIdrewuptheConstitutionsofClarendonin1164
p32GeoffreyChaucer
p331WhatwasthecontentsandsignificanceofGreatCharter?
2theBaron’scharter
3MagnaCarta
4withtheutmostreluctance,thekingwasforcedtoputhissealtotheGreat
CharteronJune19,1215
5MagnaCartahadaltogether63clauses
6acommitteeof24baronsplustheMayorofLondonwaschosentohelpthekingcarry
outtheGreatCharter
p341WhyandhowdidtheEnglishParliamentcomeintobeing?
2in1242HenryIIIundertookanexpensivewarwithFrancewhichendedwiththeloss
ofthewholeofPoitou.
3SimondeMontfort
4ProvisionsofOxford
5SimondeMontfortsummonedin1265theGreatCounciltomeetatWestminster.
p361handredsyearswarbetweenEnglandandFrancelastedfrom1337—1453
2WhatwerethecausesofHandredsYearsWar?
3BattleofArgencourt
4JoandeArc
5By1453,CalaiswastheonlypartofFrancethatwasstillinthehandsofthe
English.
6WhytheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforboth
countries?
p371BlackDeath
2asaresultoftheblackdeath,muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasa
terribleshortageoflabour.
3duringtheblackdeathperiod,in1351,thegovernmentissuedaStatuteof
Labourers
p381WhatdoyouknowaboutWatTyler’sUprising?
2thePeasantUprising
3theLollards
p39duringthepeasantuprising,manyhundredsofrebelswereputtodeathby
KingRichard.
p401WarsoftheRoses
2theinstablilitywascausedbythetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily,the
HouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYorkbetween1455and1485.
p411onAug22,1458atBosworthFieldinLeicstershirethelastbattleofWars
oftheRoseswasfoughtbetweenRichardIIIandHenryTudor,HenryTudorwon.
2althoughtheWarsoftheRoseswerewagedintermittentlyforthirtyyears,ordinary
peoplewerelittleaffected.
p421WhatwastheeffectofWarsofRoses?
2theEnglishReformationbeganwithHenryVIII
3HenryVIII
p43WhyandhowdidReformationhappeninEngland?
andWhatwastheeffect?
p44BloodyMary
p451ElizabethI
2Elizabeth’sreligiousreformwasacompremiseofview.ShebrokeMary’sties
withRomeandrestoredherfather’sindependentChurchofEngland
3HowdidQueenElizabethdealwiththereligiousproblemaftershebecameQueen
ofthecountry?
p46tellElizabeth’sforeignpolicy
p471RenassancewasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,
coveringtheyearsc1350-c1650
2inEngland,theRenaissancewasusuallythoughtofasbeginningwiththeaccession
oftheHouseofTudortothethronein1485.
3tellthecharacteristicsoftheEnglishRenaissance.
p491ChristopherMarlowe
2BenJonson
3WilliamShakespeare
p501EdmundSpenser
2FrancisBacon
p511GunpowderPlot
2onNov.51605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhis
ministersupintheHousesofParliament.
p521in1620asmallgroupofthePuritans,calledthePilgrimFathers,sailedfrom
PlymouthintheMayflower.
2CharlesIwasthesonofJamesI
3CharlesI’srelationswiththeParliamentwerefromthestartdisastrous.
p53PetitionofRight
p551Cavaliers
2Roundheads
p561WhatweretheconsequencesoftheCivilWars?
2theEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution
3PuritanRevolution
p571afterKingCharles’sexecutionin1649,therewaspublicoutrageinEngland
2the“Rump”
p581whenOliverCromwelldiedin1685,andwassucceededbyhisson,Richard.
2ParliamentpassedaseriesofseverelawscalledtheClarendonCodeagainstthe
Puritans,nowknownasNonconformists
p591tellthe2ofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate17thcentury
2JohnBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress
3JohnMilton’sParadiseLost
4Howdidthe“gloriousRevolution”breakout?
Whatwasthesignificanceofit?
p60BillofRights(1689)
p611WhatwastheabsoluteruleofJamesIofEngland?
2GiveabriefaccountofHenryVII
p621theWhigs
2theTories
3theToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.
p63theToriesweregreatlyinfluencedbyJeremyBentham’sidealsknownas
“Utilitarianism”
p651EnclosureActs
2inEngland,the18thcenturyalsosawselectivebreedingofcattle,sheepand
horsesbyRobertBakewell
3What’syourcommentonlandenclosuresinEngland?
p661Whatwastheindustrialrevolu