听力入门第三册 unit5.docx
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听力入门第三册unit5
Unit5HealthandMedicine
PartIWarmingup
A1
1.ThisnewsitemisaboutasuccessfulbraintissuetransplantcarriedoutbyaSouthAfricansurgeon.
2.Thisnewsitemisaboutthediscoveryofanewwaytoincreasetheeffectivenessofchemotherapy.
3.Thisnewsitemisaboutthediscoveryofanewwaytotreatglaucoma.
4.Thisnewsitemisaboutanewresearchonwritingwhichshowsthatwritingcanresultinclinicallymeaningfuloutcomes.
or
Thisnewsitemisaboutanewresearchonwritingwhichshowsthatwritingcanhelppeoplewithchronicillnessesimprovetheirhealth.
5.Thisnewsitemisaboutthetheoryandfunctionofacupuncture.
A2
1.ThesurgerywasperformedaweekagoonapatientsufferingfromParkinson'sdisease.
2.Theeffectivenessofchemotherapycanbeincreasedbyinhibitinganaturaldefensemechanismemployedbycancercells.
3.Glaucomainvolvesthedeathofbraincells.
4.Thestudyaddstothegrowingamountofscientificliteraturesuggestingthatmeetingpatients’psychologicalneedsproducesphysicalhealthbenefits.
5.Oneofthekeybenefitsofacupunctureisthatithasfewsideeffectsandthatwhenusedwithstandarddrugtreatmentitallowsphysicianstocutbackonmedication.
Tapescript:
1.Theworld'sleadingtransplantsurgeon,DrChristopherBernard,hascarriedoutoneofthemostdifficultbraintissuetransplantsyetattempted.TheSouthAfricansurgeonhassucceededintransplantingtissuesintothehumanbraininwhatisthoughttobethefirstoperationofitskind.ThesurgerywasperformedaweekagoonapatientsufferingfromParkinson'sdisease.Aportionofthepatient'sadrenalglandwasimplantedintoapartofthepatient'sbrain,anoperationwhichhaspreviouslybeenperformedonlyonratsandmonkeys.
2.Approximatelya-thirdofallpeopledevelopcanceratonepointintheirlives.Chemotherapyhasitslimitations,butitisoneofthemajortreatmentoptions.SomeAmericanscientistshavediscoveredtheycanincreasetheeffectivenessofchemotherapybyinhibitinganaturaldefensemechanismemployedbycancercells.
3.Glaucomaisresponsibleforblindnessinanestimated67millionpeoplearoundtheworld.Untilnow,treatmentshavefocusedexclusivelyontheeyes.Butthatmaychangeinthenextfewyears,followingthediscoverythatglaucomainvolvesthedeathofbraincells.
4.Newresearchshowsthatthesimpleactofwritingdownthoughtsaboutastressfuleventcanhelppeoplewithchronicillnessesimprovetheirhealth.Thisisthefirststudytoshowthatwritingcanresultinclinicallymeaningfuloutcomesforchronically-illpatients.Thestudyaddstothegrowingamountofscientificliteraturesuggestingthatmeetingpatients'psychologicalneedsproducesphysicalhealthbenefits.
5.TraditionalChinesemedicinesaysthatgoodhealthisassociatedwiththebalanceofqi.Qicanbehinderedorhelpedbyyangandyin.Accordingtotraditionaltheory,thegoalofacupunctureistopromotetheflowofqibykeepingyinandyanginbalance-andthisisdonebyinsertingneedlesatvariouspointsalongprimarychannelsandmeridiansthatcrisscrossthebody.Oneofthekeybenefitsofacupunctureisthatithasfew,ifany,side-effects;andthatwhenusedwithstandarddrugtreatment--inanesthesia,forexampleitallowsphysicianstocutbackonmedication,deliveringthesamelevelofbenefitwithfewernegativeeffects.
B.
Tapescript.
l.GMO&GE
Basically,geneticmodificationiswhenascientistremovesagenethatcarriesparticularinstructionsforaparticularcharacteristicfromtheDNAofoneorganismandinsertsthatgeneintotheDNAofanother(sometimesverydifferent)organism.TheresultiscalledageneticallymodifiedorganismorGMO.ThistechnologyisalsoreferredtogenerallyasgeneticengineeringorGE.
2.Organic,Semi-organic
Organicgenerallyreferstofarmingusingnoartificialfertilizersorpestcontrolchemicals,andthefoodproducedbythisfanningmethod.Semi-organicmeansfarmingusingaslittleartificialfertilizers,etc.aspossible."Semi"means"half."
3.Transgenicorganisms
Transgenicorganismsarecreatedwhenashortsectionofgeneticmaterialfromanunrelatedspeciesisintroducedintoanotherspecies,forexample,animalgenestoaplant."Trans"means"goingacross."
4.Pharming
Apunonthewordforfarming.Itmeansusingfarmanimalssuchascows,goatsandpigs,thathavebeengeneticallychanged,toproducepharmaceuticaldrugs.Pharmingbeginningwitha"ph"ispronouncedthesameasfarmingbeginningwithan,,f.,,
5.Frankenstein
FrankensteinreferstothenovelofthatnamebyMaryWollstonecraftShelley(1797-1851).Thenovelisaboutascientistwhocreatesasubhumancreaturethatendsupdestroyinghim.SoFrankensteinmeansany"creationthatendsupdestroyingthecreator."
C.
1.Your21stcenturyfuture
Thefutureisdeterminedbytheactionsofthepresentday.Theresponsibilitywehaveforthefuturebeginswhenwerecognizethatweourselvescreatethefuture-thatthefutureisnotsomethingimposeduponusbyfateorotherforcesbeyondourcontrol.
2.Your21stcenturydoctor
Moreandmoredoctorswillusecomputersformedicaldiagnosisandtreatmentinsteadoftheirtextbooks.Computersinyourhomewillenableyoutoanswerinteractivequestionsaboutyourhealthandshowthealternativeresultswhichwillaffectyouifyouactinacertainway.
3.Your21stcenturybrain
Yourbrainwavesmaybeusedtocheckoutwhetheryouarebusy,tired,ordoingyourworkproperly.Bossescouldmeasurebrainactivitythroughthescalpandtellwhetheraworkerisperformingwell,workinghard,ortootiredtodothejobproperly.Ongoingcomputeranalysiscouldtellwhetheraworkerisseeingalltheactivitytheyhavetomonitorclearlyenough.
Tapescript:
1.Your21stcenturyfuture
Thefuturewillnotdetermineitself.Thefutureisdeterminedbytheactionsofthepresentday.EdwardCornish,theeditorofTheFuturistmagazinepublishedbytheWorldFutureSociety,says,"Theresponsibilitywehaveforthefuturebeginswhenwerecognizethatweourselvescreatethefuture--thatthefutureisnotsomethingimposeduponusbyfateorotherforcesbeyondourcontrol."
2.Your21stcenturydoctor
Moreandmoredoctorswillusecomputersformedicaldiagnosisandtreatment.
Youwillvisityourdoctor,andfindthatheusesacomputerscreenandvisualinformationaboutyourconditioninsteadofhistextbooks.
Computersinyourhomewillenableyoutoanswerinteractivequestionsaboutyourhealthandshowthealternativeresultswhichwillaffectyouifyouactinacertainway.
3.Your21stcenturybrain
Yourbrainwavesmaybeusedtocheckoutwhetheryouarebusy,tired,ordoingyourworkproperly.
PsychologistArthurF.Kramer,attheUniversityofIllinois,testedvolunteersworkingonarithmeticproblems.Hefoundthathecouldpredicttheirperformancefromthestrengthofthebrain'selectricalactivity.Thisismeasuredthroughthescalp.
Thefuture?
Bossescouldmeasurebrainactivitythroughthescalpandtellwhetheraworkerisperformingwell,workinghard,ortootiredtodothejobproperly.Ongoingcomputeranalysiscouldtellwhetheraworker,suchasanairtrafficcontroller,isseeingalltheactivitytheyhavetomonitorclearlyenough.
PartIIFrankensteinfoodtofeedtheworld?
A.
Outline
I.PossiblefunctionsofGE
A.Torepairagenetic"defect"
B.Tomakeacharacteristicalreadynaturaltothatorganismevenbetter
C.Toimproveresistancetodiseaseoroutsidedamage
D.Tomaketheorganismdosomethingitwouldnotnormallydo
IIThepros
A.Reducingchemicalinputstotheland
B.Helpingtheenvironment
C.Increasingthepossibilityofgrowingcropsindifficultgeographicareas
D.Improvingnutritionalqualitiesoffood
III.Thecons
A.Upsettingthecomplexenvironmentalbalance
B.Creatingmanynewnon-reversibleecologicalproblems
C.Increasingthedominanceofmajorcorporations
D.Disadvantagingsmallfarmers
E.Causingdamagetothehumanimmunesystem
F.Causingcancer
Tapescript
YouwillbeawareofthecontroversyinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesoverfoodthathasbeengeneticallymodified.Butwhyshouldourscientistswanttodothis?
Well,geneticengineeringcouldbeusedtorepairagenetic"defect"aswiththecurrentscientifictrialsofgenetherapyinhumans;tomakeacharacteristicalreadynaturaltothatorganismevenbetter,forexample,toincreasethegrowthrateofacrop;toimproveresistancetodiseaseoroutsidedamage,forexample,cropdiseaseorresistancetocoldordrought;tomaketheorganismdosomethingitwouldnotnormallydo,forexample,gettingatomatotoripenwithoutgoingsoft--thiscanbedonesimplybytakingoneofitsowngenes,turningits"pattern"upsidedownandputtingitbackagain!
Itsoundslikeanamazingnewtechnology,butopinionsdiffergreatlyontheprosandconsofgeneticallyengineeredfood(GEfood).
SupportersofGEfoodsaythatGEcropswillreducechemicalinputstotheland,helptheenvironment,increasethepossibilityofgrowingcropsindifficultgeographicareas;improvenutritionalqualitiesoffood.
OpponentsofGEfoodsaythatGEcropsmayupsetthecomplexenvironmentalbalance,createmanynewnon-reversibleecologicalproblems,increasethedominanceofmajorcorporationsanddisadvantagesmallfarmers,astheserichcorporationswillcontrolseedvarieties,attheworst,causedamagetothehumanimmunesystemandcausecancer.
Atthemoment,thereismuchcontroversysurroundingGEfood.
SomepeopleclaimGEfoodissafeforhumansandsafefortheenvironmentandwillbenefiteveryone.
Somesaytheysupportresearchint