英语文体学教案.docx

英语文体学教案.docx

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英语文体学教案

第一章

1.1DefinitionofStylistics

Stylisticshaslongbeenconsideredasahighlysignificantbutverydiscussiblebranchoflearning.Itisconcernedwithvariousdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,semantics,pragmaticsandliterature.Thewordstylistics（‘styl’componentrelatesstylistictoliterarycriticism,andthe‘istics’componenttolinguistics）.Sostylisticsisthebridgeoflinguisticsandliterature.Stylisticsisthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation.”（文体学是从语言学的角度研究文学语篇）

Stylisticsisaninterdisciplinedbranchoflearningwhichstudiesvariousdifferencesbetweenformalandinformal,betweendeviantandnormal,betweenmagnificentandplain,betweenprofessionalandpopular,betweenforeignanddomestic,betweenthisandthatindividual.

1.2TheDevelopmentofStylistics

Thedatewhenstylisticsbecameafieldofacademicinquiryisdifficulttodetermine.Howeverstylisticsisoftenconsideredasbothanoldandayoungbranchoflearning.Itisold,becauseitoriginatedfromtheancient“rhetoric”.ThefamousancientGreekphilosophersSocrates,PlatoandAristotleallcontributedalottothisbranchoflearning.Itisyoung,becausetheword“stylistics”firstappearedonlyin1882,andthefirstbookonstylisticswaswrittenbyaFrenchscholarCharlesBallyin1902andwaspublishedin1909:

TraitedeStylistiqueFrancaise.Thisbookisoftenconsideredasalandmarkofmodernstylistics.Consequently,anumberofmorecoherentandsystematicworksofbothatheoreticalandapracticalnaturewerepublishedinthefield.

ThesubjectofstudyinBally’stimewasoraldiscourse.Ballyconsideredthatapartfromthedenotativemeaningexpressedbythespeaker4,therewasusuallyan“overtone”whichindicateddifferent“feelings”,andthetaskofstylisticswastofindoutthelinguisticdevicesindicatingthesefeelings.

Later,theGermanscholarL.Spitzer（1887-1960）,begantoanalyzeliteraryworksfromastylisticpointofview,andtherefore,Spitzerifoftenconsider4edasthe“fatherofliterarystylistics”.

Fromthebeginningofthe1930stotheendofthe1950sstylisticswasdevelopingslowlyandwasonlyconfinedtotheEuropeancontinent.Fromtheendofthe1950stothepresenttime,modernstylisticshasreacheditsprosperity.

1.3DefinitionsofStyle

Sostyleisanintegralpartofmeaning.Itgivesusadditionalinformationaboutthespeaker’s/writer’sregionalandsocialorigin,education,hisrelationshipwiththehis/herreader,hisfeelings,emotionsorattitudes.Withoutasenseofstylewecannotarriveatabetterunderstandingofanutterance

1）.Written---spokenintermsofchannel

2）TheDifferencesbetweenFormalandInformalLanguage

3）modern----archaicintermsoftime

4）normal----deviatedintermsofdegreeofnovelty

5）.common---professionalintermsoftechnique（专业）

Homework:

1.What’sstylistics?

2.Whatdoesstylisticsstudy?

3.Saysomethingaboutthedevelopmentofstylistics.

4.Giveexamplestoexplain“Properwordsinproperplacesmakesthetruedefinitionofastyle.”

5.Whatdoesstylestudy?

6.Giveexampletoillustratethedifferencesbetweenspoken--written,

formal–informal,modern–archaic,norm—deviated,common---professional.

第二章

1.Definitionofmeaningsofmeaning

AccordingtoLeech（1974Englishlinguists）,meaningsofmeaningcanbebrokenintosevenkinds:

1）.Denotativemeaning

Itreferstoliteralmeaning,referstodictionmeaning.（supermeaning）词的概念意义。

“概念意义”是在语言交际中表达的基本意义.对概念意义的理解一般不会因人而异.概念意义可分解成若干”语义成分”,它是客观事物的反映或概括.词义（denotation）指词所表示的意义。

简单地说，就是词典里所做的种种解释。

若是给词义下个科学定义，就是“说话的人和听话的人所共同了解的词所反映的事物、现象或关系。

”

词的意义“是客观事物或现象在人们意识中的概括的反映，是由应用这种语言的集体在使用过程中约定俗成的。

2）.Connotativemeaning

Connotativemeaningreferstothemeaningimplied.词的涵义（通过语言所指事物来传递的意义）Itreferstothemeaningimplied.Themeaningattachedtothedenotation.Connotativemeaningreferstoallkindsofassociationswordsmayevoke,particularlyincertainreferentialmeaningofwords

3）.Stylisticmeaning：

Stylisticmeaningreferstosocialcircumstances.（socialorigin—where,socialrelation—how）Weshouldbeabletotellwhathiseducation,background,likes,dislikes.Stylisticmeaningreferstosocialcircumstances,referstothetime,place,whereanarticleiswritten,wherethespeechisspoken,referstoenvironment,socialoriginofthespeaker,socialrelationshipbetweenspeakerandlistener.Whenwehearacommentoraspeech,wecanpredictaspeaker’seducationbackground,hobbies,likeanddislikeandsoon.

4）.Affectivemeaning

Affectivemeaningreferstoemotionorthefeelingexpressedbythespeakerorwriter.

5）.Reflectedmeaning

“反映意义”的特点如下:

有一些多义词,其中某一个含义会引起不好的联想或反映.因而成为禁忌词,有些词的反映意义是在语言运用中附加上去的.Thereflectedmeaningreferstothemeaningundetectedincommunication.（misledmeaning）

6）.Collocationmeaning

“搭配”指一个词与某个或某些词一起使用（即共现）的倾向性.它实质上是句法上研究的”横组合关系”.利奇在<语义学>（1981）中介绍了词或言语的搭配意义（collocativemeaning）例如,fresh的反义词有foul,withered,faded等,foul一般与water和air搭配.withered与flower等搭配,faded与color搭配.搭配也是一种”互相预见性”现象,即听到几个词后可以预见下一个词是什么词.不过互相预见性还指听到几个词后可以预见下文的主要用词特征或全篇的语域特征即”语义场”.搭配意义是指适合在某一个上下文中的意义.

7）.Thematicmeaning

“主题意义”是说话者或写文章的人借助组织信息的方式（语序,强调手段,信息焦点的安排）来传递的一种意义.由于句子的”新意义”主要由句末表达,

Homework:

1.AccordingtoLeech,howmanykindsofmeaningcanbedividedinto?

2.What’sthedifferencebetween“Denotativemeaning”and“Connotativemeaning”?

3.Giveexamplestoillustrate“collocationmeaning”.

第三章

1.ConceptofText

Etymologically,theword“text”comesfromametaphoricaluseoftheLatinverb“textere（weave）,suggestingasequenceofsentencesorutterances:

“interwoven”structurallyandsemantically.Asacountablenounitiscommonlyusedinlinguisticsandstylisticstorefertosequentialcollectionofsentencesorutteranceswhichformaunitbyreasonoftheirlinguisticcohesionandsemanticcoherence.Thusweconcludedthatatextisanypassage,origin,longorshort,simpleorcomplex,writtenorspoken,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.

1）.Cohesivedevice:

照应手段

Therearetwokindsofdevices.Sometimestheconnectionisobvious.Thatisexplicit.Sometimesitisimplicit.Theyarecoveredconnectionbetweendifferentparagraphsanddifferentsentences.

（1）.Explicit（because,therefore,besides,addition,toconcludeinaword）

语法手段粘合

所谓语法手段是把一部分意义上的连贯性，通过语法形式加以表现何固定下来。

英语中照应手段是很多的，主要有参照关系（reference），替换关系（substitution），省略关系（ellipsis），连接关系（conjunction），词汇照应（lexicalcohesion）。

主要涉及的有

（1）代词和指点词的应用；

（2）替代；（3）省略。

（1）代词和指点词的应用

（2）“替代”所涉及的是以下一些“替代词”的应用：

（3）省略在这里就是指省去一些“替代词”，省略也能起有效的粘合作用。

在句与句之间起粘合作用的词汇手段常用的有：

表示添加关系的，如：

and,besides,furthermore,inadditionto

表示时间或顺序关系的，如：

then,next,subsequently,first,second,third

表示因果关系的，如：

so,therefore,accordingly,asaresultofthat

表示对立关系的，如：

but,nevertheless,instead,inspiteofthat

2）ImplicitCohesion

（1）靠意义联系

（2）靠联想粘合

2.TheConceptofContext

“Context”hasbeenunderstoodinvariousways.Contextmayrefertoalltheelementsofacommunicativesituation:

theverbalandnonverbalcontext,thecontextofgivenspeechsituationandthesocialcontextoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandhear,theirknowledgeandtheirattitude.

Generallyspeaking,weconsider“context”toconsistoftwoaspects:

Oneis“linguisticcontext”,theotheris“extra-linguisticcontext”.Linguisticcontextisalternativelytermedasco-text,whichreferstothelinguisticunitsprecedingand/orfollowingaparticularlinguisticunitinatext.Extra-linguisticcontext（interchangeablewithContextOfSituation）referstotherelevantfeaturesofthesituationinwhichatexthasmeaning.Takingonabroadersense,theterm“context”mayincludenotonlytheco-text,butalsotheextra-linguisticcontext.

所用语言的知识

语言知识

对语言上下文的了解

交际活动的时间、地点

语境交际的话题

情景知识交际的正式程度

参与者的相互关系

语言外知识

特定文化的社会规范等

会话规则

背景知识关于客观世界的一般知识

参与者的相互了解

Contextualfactorsincludingthefollowingaspects:

1）.useroflanguage言者

2）.Characteristicsoftheuseoflanguageinsituation.

3.Thefunctionofthelanguage:

Languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:

phatic,directive,informative,interrogative,expressive,evocative,andperformative.

（1）.Whatisthephaticfunction?

The“phaticfunction”referstolanguagebeingusedforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontacts（ratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas）.Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishandonclothinginChineseallservethisfunction.

（2）Whatisthedirectivefunction?

The“directivefunction”meansthatlanguagemaybeusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesperformthisfunction,

（3）Whatistheinformativefunction?

“信息功能”指语言用来传达信息，即告诉他人一些事情、情况、信息等的功能。

典型的实现该功能的句子是陈述句。

（4）Whatistheinterrogativefunction?

“疑问功能“是指人们运用语言进行沟通以便得到信息。

所有的要求给予回答的一般和特殊问句都有这一功能。

但是，根据”间接语言行为理论“，陈述句、祈使句等在一定语境中也可以兼有这一疑问功能。

如，“我叫小明。

”如果对方可能早已知道“我”的姓名，那么“我”说这句话的言外之意是“疑问”对方的“芳名”。

要注意这一点，修辞问句，即设问句，不一定实现疑问功能，因为它们不要求做答。

（5）Whatistheexpressivefunction?

The“expressivefunction”istheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsorattitudesofthespeaker.

（6）Whatistheevocativefunction?

The“evocativefunction”istheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimis,forexample,toamuse,startle,antagonize,soothe,worryorplease.Jokes（notpracticaljokes,though）arenotsupposedtoamuseorentertainthelistener;advertisingtourgecustomerstopurchasecertaincommodities;propagandatoinfluencepublicopinion.Obviously,theexpressiveandevocativefunctionsoftengotogether,i.e.,youmayexpress,forexample,yourpersonalfeelingsaboutapoliticalissuebutendupbyevokingthesamefeelingsin,orimposingiton,yourlistener.That’salsothecasewiththeotherwayaround.

（7）Whatistheperforma