级《博士英语科技英语翻译结业试题》forstudent.docx

级《博士英语科技英语翻译结业试题》forstudent.docx

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级《博士英语科技英语翻译结业试题》forstudent

西南石油大学

博士研究生英语结业考试题

专业名称：

课程名称：

科技英语翻译

学生姓名：

学生学号：

PartOne

TranslatetheFollowingintoChinese

IWordsTranslation（例：

laser激光）

1、asbestos石棉

2、camshaft凸轮轴

3、resistor电阻器

4、capacitor电容器

5、transistor晶体管

6、chemical化学制品

7、heat-pipe热管

8、heat-pump热泵

9、steroid类固醇

10、quantum量子

11、mosaic马赛克

12、bumper缓冲器

13、resistance电阻

14、contact触点

15、waveform波形

16、radwaste放射性废物

17、nukes核武器

18、LCD液晶显示屏

19、SMS存储管理服务

20、anode阳极

IISentenceTranslation

（例：

Actionisequaltoreaction,butitactsinacontrarydirection.作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反。

）

1、Theautomobilewithautomatictransmissionhassmoothgearshiftingandconvenientoperation.

装有自动变速器的汽车换档平稳、操作方便。

2、Automationisaconceptthroughwhichamachinesystemiscausedtooperatewithmaximumefficiencybymeansofadequatemeasurement,observation,andcontrolofitsbehavior.

自动化是一个概念，它是通过大量的测量、观察，控制机器系统运行的最大效率。

3、Largerfiberbandwidth,lowerlossandmorereliableopticalsourcewouldmakeopticalfiberscompetitiveinthissection.

更大的光纤带宽，较低的损失和更可靠的光源使得光纤更具竞争力。

4、Seismicmeasurementsoftraveltimeandamplitudewoulddefinethesubsurface.

地层是通过地震测量时间和振幅来定义的。

5、Thehardertherock,somuchthemoredifficultistheworkofdrilling,thoughfewtypesaresufficientlyhardtobeallowedtoremainafterblastingwithoutaliningofmasonryorconcrete.

因为极少有坚硬的岩石能在未灌注水泥情况下保持原样，所以，岩石越坚硬，钻井越困难。

6、Foranymachinewhoseinputforceandoutputforceareknown,itsmechanicaladvantagecanbecalculated.

若已知机器的输入力和输出力，则可以计算其机械优势。

7、Conversiontoelectricpowerrepresentsapracticalmeansoftransferringgeothermalenergy.However,thepriceoftheconversionisasubstantiallossofenergy,andfurtherlossesoccurintransmissionandinthesubsequentuseofit.

电能转换实际是一种地热能转换的方法。

然而，其代价是很大转换能量损失和使用过程中的运输损失。

8、ThecrustandmantleareseparatedbyaseismicallydeterminedboundaryknownastheMoho-discontinuity.

地壳和地幔的分界面称为莫霍面。

9、TheburnishmachineisusedforsurfacetreatmentbeforethecoldrollingforCPDmaterial,andhenceisoneofthekeyinstallationsforCPDmaterialproduction.

打磨机是用于CPD的冷轧材料、涂装前的表面处理，因此是CPD材料生产的关键设备之一。

10、ThevalueofRby（18）maybeinerrorbyasmuchas20%,asshowninthetable.DoctorJacksonwillmeethisWaterlooifheputsthedataintopractice.

R值（18）可能有高达20%的误差，如表所示。

Jackson博士如果将他的数据应用于实际将会产生严重的后果。

11、Morethan100chemicalelementsareknowntoman;ofthese,about80aremetals.

人类目前所知的化学元素有100多种；其中，大约80多个是金属。

12、Automobilesmaybemanufacturedwithcomputer-drivenrobotsorputtogetheralmosttotallybyhand.

汽车的生产可能会带有电脑驱动的机器人或者几乎完全用手放在一起

13、Amarketisanygroupofbuyersandsellerscommunicatingofferstoexchangegoods.

市场就是的买家和卖家沟通提供了交换商品

14、Managementisthescientificartofattainingintendedorganizationalobjectivesbyworkingeffectivelywithandthroughthehumanandmaterialresourcesofthefirm.

管理是科学的艺术，其目的是通过组织公司的人力和物力达到有效地工作。

15、Theultimateobjectiveofeconomicsisthestudyofhowbesttosatisfyrelativelyunlimitedhumanwantswithrelativelyscarceresources.

经济学的终极目标是如何用稀有资源最大化的满足人类无止境的需求。

16、Theslightlyporousnatureofthesurfaceoftheoxidefilmallowsittobecoloredwitheitherorganicorinorganicdyes.

17、Thecivilengineermustbeabletoselectandutilizeeffectivelytheproductsprovidedbytheotherbranchesoftheprofessiondevelopingconsumergoods,suchasthematerialsofconstructionandindustry,includingsteel,timber,concreteandmanyothermaterials;andengagingthemodernapplicationanduseofsteam,electricandgaspowerenginesandmachines.

18、Mostofwhatweknowabouttheearthbelowthelimiteddepthtowhichboreholesormineshaftshavepenetratedhascomefromgeophysicalobservations.

19、Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasstrongaffinity.

20、Theglobaleconomythatboomedinthe1960s,growingatanaverageof5.5percentayear,andpushedaheadata4.5percent-a-yearinthemid-1970s,simplystoppedgrowingin1981—1982.

21、Apartfromtheobviouslyarithmeticalworklikepaycalculations,thereismuchworkwhichcanbeputintoamathematicalformalthoughatfirstsightitmaynotappeartohaveanythingtodowitharithmetic.

22、Eclipsesarenotseenineverypartoftheworld.

23、Keepthepetroleumfromthefire.Itwillburstintoflame.

24、Everyonecannotdothesetests.

25、Alloftheheatsuppliedtotheengineisnotconvertedintousefulwork

IIIPassageTranslation

1、Asoilisfounddeepintheground,itspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoil,a“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoilisstruck,acoverisfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilisallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalues.（PassiveVoice&itsTranslation）

2、Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductscannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstances,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerials,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasizedsothatitwouldbeofthegreatestuseinthefieldwhichitistobeapplied.

3、Theelectronicnotebookwillserveasmemofilesinwhichthescientistrecordsthoughtsforpreservation,descriptionofexperiments,draftsofreports,calendaranddiaryinformation,quotationsandothermaterialsextractedfromotherelectronicfiles,andothertypesofinformationthatwouldnowbeputinpapernotebooksandothertypesofpaperfiles.

4、Withtheadventofthespaceshuttle,itwillbepossibletoputanorbitingsolarpowerplantinstationaryorbit24000milesfromtheearththatwouldcollectsolarenergyalmostcontinuouslyandconvertthisenergyeitherdirectlytoelectricityviaphotovoltaiccellsorindirectlywithflatplateorfocusedcollectorsthatwouldboilacarryingmediumtoproducesteamthatwoulddriveaturbinethattheninturnwouldgenerateelectricity.

5．OilandGasExploitationgeology

WellconstructionchallengesforRussianoilandgasproducerscanbebroadlygroupedintotwocategories.Firstlythosefieldsinnewfrontiers（"NF?

?

）suchasthearcticandoffshore,inwhichriskmanagementandtechnologicalsolutionsareparamount.Andsecondly,maturefields（"MF?

?

）inwhichcostmanagementandefficiencyaredrivers.Drawnfromexperienceofthere-emergenceandtransformationoftheRussianoilandgasindustryoverthelast10years,thispaperreviewshistoricandcurrentapproaches,andrecommendsnewmodelsforpartnershipbetweenoperatorsandservicecompaniestoimproveperformanceandencourageinvestmentintechnology.

Specifically,itissuggestedhowtraditionalRussianapproaches,revisedandrevampedwithnewstructures,processesandtechnologies,canprovideabasistoexceedbenchmarkdrillingefficienciesinmaturefields.Italsosuggestshowanimprovedapproachtofrontendplanning,engineering,andcollaboration,candecreaseprojectrisksin"newfrontiers".Someofthelessonslearnedaregloballyapplicable.

Anotherkeyconclusionisthatdistinctorganizationalculturesarerequiredinnewfrontierscomparedwithmaturefields,andthattheseculturesareremarkablydifficulttocontainwithinoneoperationalentity.

6．TheExploitationEnigma

Evaluationofexploitationdrillingprogramsraisesuniqueissuesaroundriskinglogicplusestimatedultimaterecoverable（EUR）andprojecteconomicuncertainties.Clarificationoftheseissueswillassistinmanagingportfoliosofexploration,exploitation,anddevelopmentinvestmentopportunities.

UnderUSAaccountingrules,allwellsdrilledoutsidetheareaofprovedreservesareclassifiedas"exploratorywells"forcomputationofcostoffinding.However,companiestypicallysegregatewellsintoExploration（targetingprospectiveresourcesinundiscoveredaccumulations）andExploitation（targetingprobableandpossiblereservesinandarounddiscoveredfields）.

Classificationas"discovered"signifiesahighdegreeofconfidencethattheaccumulation'sEURexceedsaninternaleconomicthresholdfordevelopment.However,thereremainssignificantriskofdrillingadrywellwithintheprojectedfieldlimits.Atthefieldlevel,thenon-provenareaispartoftheuncertaintydistributionfordiscoveredreserves.Attheexploitationwelllevel,riskoffailureandsuccesscasevolumeuncertaintybothcomeintoplay.Thismultiplelevelviewofriskanduncertaintygivesrisetothe"exploitationenigma".

Exploitationwellresultschangethefield/reservoirmodel,theEURuncertaintyprofileandassociatedcashflowprojections.Successfulwellsnotonlydevelopreserveswithinadrainageareabutalsomodifythetotalfieldvolumeuncertaintydistribution.Resultsredefinetheremainingprovedundeveloped,probable,andpossiblereservevolumesandtheirassociatedconfidencelevels.DryexploitationwellsalsochangetheEURdistributionandincreaseinvestmentcostswithoutanincreaseinforecastproduction.

Thispapercomparesalternativeapproachestotheevaluationofexploitationprograms.Itconcludesthattheeconomicanalysistosupportexploitationdrillingdecisionsshouldnotbebasedsolelyontheindividualwell'santicipatedresults,butrather