网络欺凌外文文献翻译中英文.docx

网络欺凌外文文献翻译中英文.docx

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网络欺凌外文文献翻译中英文

网络欺凌外文翻译2020

英文

Cyberbullying:

Rolesofschoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselorsinaddressingapervasivesocialjusticeissue

SalmanElbedour，SalihahAlqahtani，etc

Abstract

Schoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselorscanactasagentsofsocialjusticeinschoolstopreventcyberbullying,particularlyamongthemostvulnerablepopulations.Cyberbullyingisanemergingformofbullyingthathasshownanalarmingincreaseinsocietywithinthelastdecadeandinschoolsasmicrocosmsofsociety.CyberbullyingamongK-12studentshasadversesocial,physical,andemotionalimpactsforvictims,perpetrators,andbystanders.Advocacyforprevention,intervention,andmoreeffectivepoliciesfromschoolpsychologistsandcounselorsisofparamountimportanceforstudentandschoolcommunitywell-beingandsafety.Thisarticleprovidesanoverviewofcyberbullyinginschoolsasasocialjusticeissue;exploresadvocacy,ethical,andpractitionerrolesofbothschoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselorstoaddressthisissueamongstudentsinschools;discussesempiricallybasedpsychotherapytechniquesforinterventionandriskassessment;andofferspolicyandpracticeoptionstoaddresscyberbullying.

Keywords:

Bullying,Cyberbullying,K-12students,Schoolpsychologists,Schoolcounselors

1. Cyberbullyingasasocialjusticeissue

Schoolsoftenaremicrocosmsoflargersociety,mirroringsocialjusticeissuesandchallengesamongstudentsandschoolcommunities.AsJamaicaneducatorJanette Fuller（2015） espoused,“Theschoolandthesocietyarethereforeoneandthesame.…Theschoolissociety,atinyreplica.Theproblemsthatareidentifiedintheschoolsarethesameproblemsthatareexistentinthewidersociety”（para.12）.Cyberbullyingisasocialjusticeissuebecause,similartotraditionalbullying,itinvolvesapowerimbalance（Kowalski,Giumetti,Schroeder,&Lattanner,2014）andisfrequentlyaimedatstudentswhoaredifferentfromthemainstreamculture（Herreraetal.,2015, NationalAssociationofSchoolPsychologists,2019）. DavisonandStein（2014） foundthatchildrenfromlow-socioeconomic-statusfamilieswere3timesmorelikelytobebulliedonline.Vulnerablepopulationsarecommonvictimsofcyberbullying,includingstudentswithneurodevelopmentaldisorders（Beckman,Hellstrom,&vonKobyletzki,2019）ornontraditionalsexualorientation（Duarte,Pittman,Thorsen,Cunningham,&Ranney,2018）. KowalskiandToth（2018） foundsignificantlyhigherratesofcybervictimizationamongstudentswithdisabilities.Assuch,preventionofcyberbullyingamongthesepopulationsisrequiredbycivilrightslaws（（NationalAssociationofSchoolPsychologists,2019））.

TheadventofsocialmediatoolssuchasFacebook,Twitter,cellphones,ande-mailhasexpandedaccessibilityandcommunicationoptions.Althoughtechnologicaladvancementshavemanypositives,adverseeffectsincludeharassment,aggressivetalkandgossip,insults,andverbalattacksonvirtualplatforms.Theseareexamplesofcyberbullying.“Cyberbullyingisanybehaviorperformedthroughelectronicordigitalmediabyindividualsorgroupsthatrepeatedlycommunicateshostileoraggressivemessagesintendedtoinflictharmordiscomforttoothers”（Tokunaga,2010,p.278）.Mostresearchers（e.g.,P. Smithetal.,2008, Sticcaetal.,2013）haveusedthe Olweus（1993） classicdefinitionofbullyingasbeingrepeated,overtime,tovictimswhocannotdefendthemselves,addingthetechnologicalelementaswellaspotentialanonymity. PatchinandHinduja（2006） definedcyberbullyingas“willfulandrepeatedharminflictedthroughthemediumofelectronictext”（p.152）. Barkoukis,Lazuras,Ourda,andTsorbatzoudis（2016） explained.

Accordingly,cyberbullyingrestsonmasteryoftechnologyratherthanphysicalstrength:

thus,perpetratorsdonotnecessarilyneedtobephysicallystrongerthantheirvictims.Dependingonthespecificincident,thewitnessesofcyberbullyingmayrangefromasmallgroupofpeople（e.g.,classmateswhosharetextmessagesthroughmobilephones）,tolargeaudiencescomprisingthousandsofinternetusers（e.g.,ahumiliatingvideopostedinavideo-sharingsiteandviewedbythesite’susers）.（p.114）

MenesiniandNocentini（2009） agreedthatanydefinitionofcyberbullyingmusttakeintoaccounttheabilityofthevictimtoblocktheattack,thefrequency,andtheintentionoftheperpetrator,whileacknowledgingthatdefinitionswillprobablyvaryacrossculturesandagegroups.

Liketraditionalbullying,cyberbullyinginvolvesapowerimbalance,whetherphysical,social,technical,relational,orpsychological（DavisonandStein,2014, Kowalskietal.,2014）.Anonymityprovidesapsychologicalpowerimbalance（Kowalskietal.,2014）. SlonjeandSmith（2008） definedcyberbullyingasanintentionalandaggressivebehaviororactrepeatedlycarriedoutbyanindividual（orgroup）againstotherswhocannoteasilydefendthemselves,usingelectronictoolssuchassocialnetworks,e-mail,andcellphones. DavisonandStein（2014）includedpowerimbalanceintheirdefinitionaswell:

“Cyberbullyingisreportedasanaggressive,intentionalactdistributedbyanindividualorgroup,usingcontactinanelectronicmedium,continuouslyandrelentlesslyagainstsomeonewhocannotstandupforhimselforherselfeasily”（p.595）.

2. Roleofschoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselors

Asmentalhealthprofessionals,schoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselorscanplayvitalrolesthroughcollaborativeleadershiptoinstituteeffectivepreventionandinterventionstrategiesandprogramstoaddresscyberbullying.Accordingtothe （NationalAssociationofSchoolPsychologists,2019）,schoolpsychologistshavenotonlyanethicalbutalsoalegalresponsibilitytopreventbullying.Asbullyingtargetsvulnerablepopulations,aninsufficientschoolresponsetobullyingqualifiesasacivilrightsviolation（（NationalAssociationofSchoolPsychologists,2019））.Professionalsareencouragedthroughethicalguidelinesandadvocacycallstopromotepoliciesandpracticesinschoolsthatwilladdresscyberbullyingasasocialjusticeissuedetrimentaltostudentsandschoolcommunities.Specificinterventionsandstrategiesschoolpsychologistsandmentalhealthcounselorscanimplementarediscussedlaterinthispaper.Theprofessionalorganizationsforbothschoolpsychologistsandschoolcounselors,theNASPandthe AmericanSchoolCounselorAssociation（2016）,havegivenclearguidelinesofbothadvocacyandethicstoaddressbullyingandcyberbullying.School-basedmentalhealthprofessionsrecognizethatanykindofbullyingandrelationalaggression“areformsofschoolviolencethatcanjeopardizethepsychologicalandemotionalwell-beingofchildrenandadolescentsandencourageschoolpsychologiststotakealeadershiproleindevelopingwaystoreduceschoolviolence”（Diamanduros,Downs,&Jenkins,2008,p.694）.TheNASPstated,

Cyberbullyingorelectronicaggressionisalsoapublichealthissuethatiscreatinguniqueanddifficultchallengesforschoolpersonnel.TheHighSchoolYouthRiskBehaviorSurveyalsoindicatedthat14.9%ofstudentsreportedbeingvictimsofsomeformofcyberbullying.…Researchershavefoundthat27%ofyouthwhowerevictimsofcyberbullyinghavealsocarriedaweapontoschool.（p.2）

Schoolshavebecomeatopprioritywithregardstoprovidingevidence-basedpracticesformentalhealthconcerns（Splett&Maras,2011）,includingthoselinkedtoschoolsafetyjeopardizedbycyberbullying.

3. Prevalenceofcyberbullying

Givenpossibleculturaldifferencesindescribingbullyingandascarcityoflongitudinalstudies,itisdifficulttopinpointwhetherbullyingisincreasing,butmostdatasupportthatcyberbullyingratesareincreasing.Amongvulnerablepopulations,cyberbullyingisprevalent. Beckman,Hellstrom,&vonKobyletzki,2019 studiedcyberbullyinginEurope,NorthAmerica,theMiddleEast,andAustralia,reportingupto41%ofstudentswithneurodevelopmentaldisorderswerevictims.The CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention（2019） reported33%ofU.S.middleschoolstudentsand30%ofhighschoolstudentsreportedbeingcyberbulliedthepreviousyear.Othersources（Aboujaoudeetal.,2015, NationalCyberSecurityAlliance,2016）havereportedcyberbullyingratesof20–40%amongadolescents. SevcikovaandSmahel（2009） foundthatthehighestproportionofaggressorsoccursamongyoungerstudents（12–15 yearsold）andthenexthighestarethosestudentsfrom16–19 yearsold.

Genderappearstoplayaroleinratesofcyberbullying.InaUKstudy, Ackers（2012）surveyed325studentrespondents,findingthat16%ofthefemalesand8%ofthemaleshadbeencyberbullied. Schneider,O’Donnell,Stueve,andCoulter（2012）foundreportsofcyberbullyinghigheramonggirlsthanboys（18.3%vs.13.2%）. Riceetal.（2015） alsoreportedthatgirlsweremorelikelytobeperpetrator-victimsofcyberbullying. LowandEspelage（2013） foundnogenderdifferencesatyoungerages,butbymiddleschool,femaleshadhigherlevelsofcyberbullying. Mishna,Cook,Gadalla,Daciuk,andSolomon（2010） foundthatoldergirlsweremorelikelytobecybervictimsthanolderboys,butthattheboysweremorelikelytobethreatened.

Giventheincreasingrates,cyberbullyinghasbecomeaneducationalconcernbothnationallyandinternationally（Herreraetal.,2015）.Thepotentialanonymityoftheassault,thepotentialsizeoftheaudience,andtheabilitytocyberbullyatanytimeofdayornightindicatethatcyberbullyinghasthepotentialtobefarmorepervasiveandcreatemoreemotionalharmthantraditionalbullying（HoffandMitchell,2009, Sprague,2014）.Becausecyberbullyingisarelativelynewphenomenon,researchersaretryingtokeepupwithitsspread