GeorgeOrwellAnimalFarm动物农场概括.docx

GeorgeOrwellAnimalFarm动物农场概括.docx

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GeorgeOrwellAnimalFarm动物农场概括

George-Orwell-Animal-Farm-动物农场概括

TheAuthor

ØBorninIndiain1903,inhiswords"lower-upper-middleclass".

HisfatherworkedintheOpiumDepartmentoftheIndianCivilService.

ØChildhoodinEngland,attendEtonCollege

Ø5yearsinBurma（1922-1927）:

joinedIndianImperialPolice,learnedaboutoppressionandcontrol

ØWentbacktoLondon,startedhiswritingcareer

InimitationofJackLondon,OrwellstartedtoexplorethepoorerpartsofLondon

ØInthespringof1928hemovedtoParis,livinginpoverty【herecordedhisexperiencesofthelowlifeforusein"TheSpike",hisfirstpublishedessayinEnglish,andinthesecondhalfofhisfirstbook,DownandOutinParisandLondon《巴黎伦敦落魄记》】

ØOrwellfoughtintheSpanishCivilWar.HisexperiencestheregaverisetoHomagetoCatalonia（1938）《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》

ØOntheoutbreakofWorldWarII,Orwell

Ø

Ø

Ø

intelligent,passionate,eloquent（雄辩的）,andlesssubtleanddeviousthanhiscounterpart,Napoleon.Snowballseemstowintheloyaltyoftheotheranimalsandcementhispower.

Squealer-ThepigwhospreadsNapoleon’spropagandaamongtheotheranimals.Squealerjustifiesthepigs’monopolizationofresourcesandspreadsfalsestatisticspointingtothefarm’ssuccess.OrwellusesSquealertoexplorethewaysinwhichthoseinpoweroftenuserhetoricandlanguagetotwistthetruthandgainandmaintainsocialandpoliticalcontrol.

Boxer-Thecart-horsewhoseincrediblestrength,dedication（奉献）,andloyaltyplayakeyroleintheearlyprosperityofAnimalFarmandthelatercompletionofthewindmill.Quicktohelpbutratherslow-witted,BoxershowsmuchdevotiontoAnimalFarm’sidealsbutlittleabilitytothinkaboutthemindependently.Henaïvelytruststhepigstomakeallhisdecisionsforhim.Histwomottoesare“Iwillworkharder”and“Napoleonisalwaysright.”

Readanin-depthanalysisofBoxer.

Clover-Agood-heartedfemalecart-horseandBoxer’sclosefriend.CloveroftensuspectsthepigsofviolatingoneoranotheroftheSevenCommandments,butsherepeatedlyblamesherselfformisrememberingthecommandments.

Moses-ThetameravenwhospreadsstoriesofSugarcandyMountain,theparadisetowhichanimalssupposedlygowhentheydie.MosesplaysonlyasmallroleinAnimalFarm,butOrwelluseshimtoexplorehowcommunismexploitsreligionassomethingwithwhichtopacifytheoppressed.

Mollie-Thevain,flighty（轻浮）marewhopullsMr.Jones’scarriage.Molliecravestheattentionofhumanbeingsandlovesbeinggroomed（打扮）andpampered（娇惯）.ShehasadifficulttimewithhernewlifeonAnimalFarm,asshemisseswearingribbonsinhermaneandeatingsugarcubes.SherepresentsthepetitbourgeoisiethatfledfromRussiaafewyearsaftertheRussianRevolution.

Benjamin-Thelong-liveddonkeywhorefusestofeelinspiredbytheRebellion.Benjaminfirmlybelievesthatlifewillremainunpleasantnomatterwhoisincharge.Ofalloftheanimalsonthefarm,healonecomprehendsthechangesthattakeplace,butheseemseitherunwillingorunabletoopposethepigs.

Muriel-ThewhitegoatwhoreadstheSevenCommandmentstoCloverwheneverCloversuspectsthepigsofviolatingtheirprohibitions.

JessieandBluebell-Twodogs,eachofwhomgivesbirthearlyinthenovel.Napoleontakesthepuppiesinorderto“educate”them.

Minimus-ThepoetpigwhowritesverseaboutNapoleonandpensthebanalpatrioticsong“AnimalFarm,AnimalFarm”toreplacetheearlieridealistichymn“BeastsofEngland,”whichOldMajorpassesontotheothers.

Plot

1.OldMajor,aprize-winningboar,gatherstheanimalsoftheManorFarmforameetinginthebigbarn.Hetellsthemofadreamhehashadinwhichallanimalslivetogetherwithnohumanbeingstooppressorcontrolthem.Hetellstheanimalsthattheymustworktowardsuchaparadiseandteachesthemasongcalled“BeastsofEngland,”inwhichhisdreamvisionislyricallydescribed.TheanimalsgreetMajor’svisionwithgreatenthusiasm.Buthediesonlythreenightsafterthemeeting,

2.threeyoungerpigs—Snowball,Napoleon,andSquealer—formulatehismainprinciplesintoaphilosophycalledAnimalism.Lateonenight,theanimalsmanagetodefeatthefarmerMr.Jonesinabattle,runninghimofftheland.TheyrenamethepropertyAnimalFarm.Andtheyallagreedthatthefarmhousepreservedasamuseumandnoanimalmusteverlivethere.Atfirst,AnimalFarmprospersbecauseproductivityrisesoutofgreatenthusiasm.Everyoneobeystherules.Snowballworksatteachingtheanimalstoread,andNapoleontakesagroupofyoungpuppiestoeducatethemintheprinciplesofAnimalism.

3.WhenMr.Jonesreappearstotakebackhisfarm,theanimalsdefeathimagain,inwhatcomestobeknownastheBattleoftheCowshed,andtakethefarmer’sabandonedgunasatokenoftheirvictory.Astimepasses,however,NapoleonandSnowballincreasinglyquibbleoverthefutureofthefarm,andtheybegintostrugglewitheachotherforpowerandinfluenceamongtheotheranimals.

4.Snowballconcoctsaschemetobuildanelectricity-generatingwindmill,butNapoleonsolidlyopposestheplan.Atthemeetingtovoteonwhethertotakeuptheproject,Snowballgivesapassionatespeech.AlthoughNapoleongivesonlyabriefretort,hethenmakesastrangenoise,andnineattackdogs—thepuppiesthatNapoleonhadconfiscatedinorderto“educate”—burstintothebarnandchaseSnowballfromthefarm.NapoleonassumesleadershipofAnimalFarmanddeclaresthattherewillbenomoremeetings.Fromthatpointon,heasserts,thepigsalonewillmakeallofthedecisions—forthegoodofeveryanimal.

5.Napoleonnowquicklychangeshismindaboutthewindmill,andtheanimals,especiallyBoxer,devotetheireffortstocompletingit.Oneday,afterastorm,theanimalsfindthewindmilltoppled.Thehumanfarmersintheareadeclaresmuglythattheanimalsmadethewallstoothin,butNapoleonclaimsthatSnowballreturnedtothefarmtosabotagethewindmill.Hestagesagreatpurge,duringwhichvariousanimalswhohaveallegedlyparticipatedinSnowball’sgreatconspiracy—meaninganyanimalwhoopposesNapoleon’suncontestedleadership—meetinstantdeathattheteethoftheattackdogs.Withhisleadershipunquestioned（Boxerhastakenupasecondmaxim,“Napoleonisalwaysright”）,

6.Napoleonbeginsexpandinghispowers,rewritinghistorytomakeSnowballavillain.Napoleonalsobeginstoactmoreandmorelikeahumanbeing—sleepinginabed,drinkingwhisky,andengagingintradewithneighboringfarmers.TheoriginalAnimalistprinciplesstrictlyforbadesuchactivities,butSquealer,Napoleon’spropagandist,justifieseveryactiontotheotheranimals,convincingthemthatNapoleonisagreatleaderandismakingthingsbetterforeveryone—despitethefactthatthecommonanimalsarecold,hungry,andoverworked.

7.Mr.Frederick,aneighboringfarmer,cheatsNapoleoninthepurchaseofsometimberandthenattacksthefarmanddynamites（blowsup）thewindmill,whichhadbeenrebuiltatgreatexpense.Afterthedemolitionofthewindmill,apitchedbattleensues,duringwhichBoxerreceivesmajorwounds.Theanimalsroutthefarmers,butBoxer’sinjuriesweakenhim.Whenhelaterfallswhileworkingonthewindmill,hesensesthathistimehasnearlycome.Oneday,Boxerisnowheretobefound.AccordingtoSquealer,Boxerhasdiedinpeaceafterhavingbeentakentothehospital,praisingtheRebellionwithhislastbreath.Inactuality,Napoleonhassoldhismostloyalandlong-sufferingworkertoagluemakerinordertogetmoneyforwhisky.

8.YearspassonAnimalFarm,andthepigsbecomemoreandmorelikehumanbeings—walkingupright,carryingwhips,andwearingclothes.Eventually,thesevenprinciplesofAnimalism,knownastheSevenCommandmentsandinscribedonthesideofthebarn,becomereducedtoasingleprinciplereading“allanimalsareequal,butsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.”NapoleonentertainsahumanfarmernamedMr.Pilkingtonatadinneranddeclareshisintenttoallyhimselfwiththehumanfarmersagainstthelaboringclassesofboththehumanandanimalcommunities.HealsochangesthenameofAnimalFarmbacktotheManorFarm,claimingthatthistitleisthe“correct”one.Lookinginatthepartyofelitesthroughthefarmhousewindow,thecommonanimalscannolongertellwhicharethepigsandwhicharethehumanbeings.

Themes

TheCorruptionofSocialistIdealsintheSovietUnion

AnimalFarmismostfamousintheWestasastingingcritiqueofthehistoryandrhetoricoftheRussianRevolution.RetellingthestoryoftheemergenceanddevelopmentofSovietcommunismintheformofananimalfable,AnimalFarmallegorizestherisetopowerofthedictatorJosephStalin.Inthenovella,theoverthrowofthehumanoppressorMr.Jonesbyademocraticcoalitionofanimalsquicklygiveswaytotheconsolidationofpoweramongthepigs.MuchliketheSovietintelligentsia,thepigsestablishthemselvesastherulingclassinthenewsociety.

ThestruggleforpreeminencebetweenLeonTrotskyandStalinemergesintherivalrybetweenthepigsSnowballandNapoleon.Inboththehistoricalandfictionalcases,theidealisticbutpoliticallylesspowerfulfigure（TrotskyandSnowball）isexpelledfromtherevolutionarystatebythemaliciousandviolentusurperofpower（StalinandNapoleon）.ThepurgesandshowtrialswithwhichStalineliminatedhisenemiesandsolidifiedhispoliticalbasefindexpressioninAnimalFarmasthefalseconfessionsandexecutionsofanimalswhomNapoleondistrustsfollowingthecollapseofthewindmill.Stalin’styrannicalruleandeventualabandonmentofthefoundingprinciplesoftheRussianRevolutionarerepresentedbythepigs’turntoviolentgovernmentandtheadop