Linux系统核心命令.docx
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Linux系统核心命令
我是这样学习Linux下C语言编程的-Linux系统核心命令全了解
1、怎么查看全部命令？
要想在Linux下方便迅速地工作，熟悉Linux命令是一个必须的过程。
从我们常见的命令ls出发怎么才能知道全部的命令呢？
首先，用which命令获得ls命令的路径：
whichls
此命令输出如下：
/usr/bin/ls
然后查看/usr/bin/ls这个文件是由哪个软件包提供的，用下面这个命令：
dpkg-S/usr/bin/ls
此命令输出如下：
coreutils:
/usr/bin/split
最后，查看coreutils这个软件包的全部内容：
dpkg-Lcoreutils
此命令输出如下：
/.
/bin
/bin/cat
/bin/chgrp
/bin/chmod
/bin/chown
/bin/cp
/bin/date
/bin/dd
/bin/df
/bin/dir
/bin/echo
/bin/false
/bin/ln
/bin/ls
/bin/mkdir
/bin/mknod
/bin/mv
/bin/pwd
/bin/readlink
/bin/rm
/bin/rmdir
/bin/vdir
/bin/sleep
/bin/stty
/bin/sync
/bin/touch
/bin/true
/bin/uname
/sbin
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/coreutils
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/THANKS.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/TODO.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/THANKS-to-translators
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/buildinfo.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/NEWS.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/changelog.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/README.Debian
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/copyright
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/NEWS.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/coreutils/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/info
/usr/share/info/coreutils.info.gz
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1
/usr/share/man/man1/cat.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/chgrp.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/chown.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/cksum.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/comm.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/cp.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/cut.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/date.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/dd.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/df.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/dir.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/dirname.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/du.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/echo.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/env.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/expand.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/expr.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/factor.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/fmt.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/fold.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/groups.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/head.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/hostid.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/id.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/chmod.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/join.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/link.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/ln.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/logname.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/md5sum.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mkdir.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mkfifo.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mknod.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/mv.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/nl.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/nohup.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/od.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/pathchk.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/pinky.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/pr.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/printenv.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/printf.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/ptx.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/pwd.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/rm.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/rmdir.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/seq.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sha1sum.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/shred.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sleep.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sort.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/stat.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/stty.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sum.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/sync.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tac.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tail.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tee.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/test.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/touch.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tr.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tsort.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/tty.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/uname.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/unexpand.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/uniq.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/users.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/vdir.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/wc.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/who.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/whoami.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/yes.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/chcon.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/runcon.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/basename.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/csplit.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/dircolors.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/false.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/install.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/nice.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/paste.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/readlink.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/split.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/true.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/unlink.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man8
/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8.gz
/usr/share/locale
/usr/share/locale/af
/usr/share/locale/af/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/be
/usr/share/locale/be/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/bg
/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ca
/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/cs
/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/da
/usr/share/locale/da/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/de
/usr/share/locale/de/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/el
/usr/share/locale/el/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/es
/usr/share/locale/es/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/et
/usr/share/locale/et/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/eu
/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/fi
/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/fr
/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ga
/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/gl
/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/hr
/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/hu
/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/it
/usr/share/locale/it/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ja
/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ko
/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/lg
/usr/share/locale/lg/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ms
/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/nb
/usr/share/locale/nb/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/nl
/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/no
/usr/share/locale/no/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/pl
/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/pt
/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/pt_BR
/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/ru
/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/rw
/usr/share/locale/rw/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/sk
/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/sl
/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/sv
/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/tr
/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/vi
/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/zh_CN
/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_TIME
/usr/share/locale/zh_TW
/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_TIME
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/[
/usr/bin/dircolors
/usr/bin/du
/usr/bin/install
/usr/bin/link
/usr/bin/mkfifo
/usr/bin/nohup
/usr/bin/shred
/usr/bin/stat
/usr/bin/unlink
/usr/bin/cksum
/usr/bin/comm
/usr/bin/csplit
/usr/bin/cut
/usr/bin/expand
/usr/bin/fmt
/usr/bin/fold
/usr/bin/head
/usr/bin/join
/usr/bin/md5sum
/usr/bin/nl
/usr/bin/od
/usr/bin/paste
/usr/bin/pr
/usr/bin/ptx
/usr/bin/sha1sum
/usr/bin/sort
/usr/bin/split
/usr/bin/sum
/usr/bin/tac
/usr/bin/tail
/usr/bin/tr
/usr/bin/tsort
/usr/bin/unexpand
/usr/bin/uniq
/usr/bin/wc
/usr/bin/basename
/usr/bin/dirname
/usr/bin/env
/usr/bin/expr
/usr/bin/factor
/usr/bin/id
/usr/bin/logname
/usr/bin/pathchk
/usr/bin/printenv
/usr/bin/printf
/usr/bin/seq
/usr/bin/tee
/usr/bin/test
/usr/bin/tty
/usr/bin/whoami
/usr/bin/yes
/usr/bin/chcon
/usr/bin/runcon
/usr/bin/hostid
/usr/bin/nice
/usr/bin/pinky
/usr/bin/users
/usr/bin/who
/usr/bin/groups
/usr/sbin
/usr/sbin/chroot
/usr/share/man/man1/[.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/md5sum.textutils.1.gz
/usr/share/locale/af/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/be/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/bg/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ca/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/cs/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/da/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/de/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/el/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/es/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/et/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/eu/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/fi/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/fr/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ga/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/gl/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/hr/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/hu/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/it/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ja/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ko/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/lg/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ms/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/nb/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/nl/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/no/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/pl/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/pt/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/ru/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/rw/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/sk/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/sl/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/sv/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/tr/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/vi/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_TIME/coreutils.mo
/usr/bin/md5sum.textutils
/usr/bin/touch
从这里可以看出，Linux系统有八十几个核心命令，即/bin和/usr/bin目录下的那些命令文件。
同时，每个命令都有帮助文件在系统中存在了，即那些/usr/share/man目录下的后缀名为gz的文件。
比如在上面的输出中我们看到一个文件/bin/cp，即我们有一个cp命令可以用，哪这个命令是做什么用的呢？
我们可以打开/usr/share/man/man1/cp.1.gz文件来看，但不用想怎么打开这个文件，直接输入下列命令就可以了：
man1cp
2、man命令的使用
/************关于本文档********************************************
*filename:
我是这样学习Linux下C语言编程的-Linux系统核心命令全了解
*purpose:
说明怎样自学Linux下所有命令
*wroteby:
zhoulifa（zhoulifa@）周立发（）
Linux爱好者Linux知识传播者SOHO族开发者最擅长C语言
*datetime:
2007-02-0721:
00
*Note:
任何人可以任意复制代码并运用这些文档，当然包括你的商业用途
*但请遵循GPL
*Thanksto:
Ubunt
*Hope:
希望越来越多的人贡献自己的力量，为科学技术发展出力
*科技站在巨人的肩膀上进步更快！
感谢有开源前辈的贡献！
*********************************************************************/
Linux系统有个很大的好处就是有在线帮助，基本上每个东西都有一份文档，这些文档类的东西都保存在/usr/share目录下。
最基本的一个就是man手册。
全部在/usr/share/man目录下，这个目录下又分成man1,man2,man3...等一个个目录。
即man手册的章，man1目录下是man手册第1章的内容，man2目录下是man手册第2章的内容...
man1
-9这些目录下又有一些以gz结尾的文件，这些文件就是我们的手册了，每个文件就是一个命令的名称、一个软件工具的名称或某个函数的名称。
如果用命令
man1cp就是打开/usr/share/man/man1/cp.1.gz文档的内容来查看。
即man命令的基本用法是
mansection-numberpager
这里section-number是数字1－9表示第几章，而pager就是我们看到的文件名，即某个命令的名称或某个函数的名称等。
当然这里的section-number是可以省略的，省略后man命令会按照某个顺序找到第一个适合的手册来显示。
section-number也可以是-a表示查看所有章节里的某个名字的内容。
现在就manman试试看。
你会看到说明：
1 Executableprogramsorshellcommands即第一章是些可执行程序或shell命令
升级会员 