高考英语阅读理解专项训练4.docx

高考英语阅读理解专项训练4.docx

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高考英语阅读理解专项训练4

2021年高考英语阅读理解专项训练4

TheMayanIndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyearsbeforetheSpanisharrivedinthe1500s.TheMayawereanintelligent,culturallyrichpeoplewhoseachievementsweremany.Theyhadfarms,beautifulpalaces,andcitieswithmanybuildings.TheMayanpeopleknewalotaboutnatureandtheworldaroundthem.Thisknowledgehelpedthemtoliveabetterlifethanmostpeopleofthattime,becausetheycoulduseittomaketheirlivesmorefortableandrewarding.Knowledgeabouttoolsandfarming,forinstance,madetheirworkeasierandmoreproductive.

InancientMexicothereweremanysmallclearingsintheforest.Ineachclearingwasavillagewithfieldsofcorn,beans,andothercropsaroundit.Toclearthelandforfarms,theMayacutdowntreeswithstoneaxes.Theyplantedseedsbydiggingholesinthegroundwithpointedsticks.Afarmerwasabletogrowcropsthatproducedfoodforseveralpeople.ButnoteveryMayahadtobeafarmer.Somewereclothmakers,builders,orpriests.

TheMayabelievedinmanygods,includingraingods,sungods,andcorngods.ThepeoplebuiltlargetemplestohonortheMayangods.Skillfulworkersbuiltcitiesaroundthesetemples.Itwasdifficultforthemtoconstructthesecities,becausetheyhadnohorsestocarrytheheavystonetheyusedtobuildwith.Workershadtocarryallofthebuildingmaterialsthemselves.Today,manyoftheseancientMayancitiesandtemplesarestillstanding.

AlthoughthecitiesthattheMayabuiltwerebeautiful,andthepeopleworkedhardtobuildthem,veryfewofthepeoplelivedinthem.Usually,onlythepriestslivedinthecities.

Theotherpeoplelivedinsmallvillagesintheforests.Theirhousesweremuchsimplerthantheelaboratestructuresinthecities.Theylivedinsmallhutswithnowindows.Thewallsweremadeofpolescoveredwithdriedmud,andtheroofwasmadeofgrassorleaves.MostMayalivedasimplelifeclosetonature.

MeasuringtimewasimportanttotheMaya,sotheydevelopedasystemformeasuringitaccurately.Farmersneededtoknowwhentoplantandharvesttheircrops.Mayanpriestsmadeasystemtokeeptrackoftime.Theywrotenumbersasdots（...）andbars（---）.Adotwasoneandabarwasfive.

TheMayanpriestsstudiedtheSun,Moon,stars,andplanets.Theymadeacalendarfromwhattheylearned.Theyearwasdividedinto18monthsof20dayseachwithfivedaysleftover.TheMayancalendarwasfarmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendarsofthetime.

Aroundtheyear800,theMayalefttheirvillagesandbeautifulcities,nevertoreturn.Nooneknowswhythishappened.Theymayhavediedfromaninfectiousdisease.Theymayhaveleftbecausethesoilcouldnolongergrowcrops.ArchaeologistsarestilltryingtofindthelostsecretsoftheMaya.Theyarestilloneofourgreatestmysteries.

41.Accordingtothepassage,whatmadetheMayanpeople’slifeeasier?

A.Theirknowledgeaboutnatureandtheworld.

B.ThearrivaloftheSpanish.

C.Thelocationoftheirvillagesandcities.

D.Thegodstheybelievedin.

42.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheMaya?

A.ReligionwasanimportantpartoftheMayanculture.

B.TheMayaledasimpleandnaturallife.

C.MostMayanslivedinthecitiestheybuilt.

D.ToolsmadetheMayan’sfarmingeasierandmoreproductive.

43.Whatnumbersdo“..”and“–––”representrespectively?

A.2；3B.10；3C.2；15D.10；15

44.Theelaboratestructuresinthecities________________.

A.wereplexandconsistedofmanyparts

B.didn’thavemuchdecoration

C.weresmallbutverycozy

D.weremadeofmodernmaterials

45.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.TheMayancalendarwasmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendar.

B.TheMayawereanintelligent,culturallyrichpeoplewithmanyachievements.

C.ThemysteriesoftheMaya.

D.HowdidtheMayandeveloptheiragriculture?

B

Belowisaselectionfromasciencewebsite:

genome.gov/250xx8

Whatiscloning?

Thetermcloningdescribesanumberofdifferentprocessesthatcanbeusedtoproducegeneticallyidenticalcopiesofabiologicalentity（存在体）.Thecopiedmaterial,whichhasthesamegeneticmakeupastheoriginal,isreferredtoasaclone.

Howaregenescloned?

Researchersroutinelyusecloningtechniquestomakecopiesofgenesthattheywishtostudy.Theprocedureconsistsofinsertingagenefromoneorganism,oftenreferredtoas"foreignDNA,"intothegeneticmaterialofacarriercalledavector（带菌者）.Examplesofvectorsincludebacteria,yeastcellsorviruses.Afterthegeneisinserted,thevectorisplacedinlaboratoryconditionsthatpromptittomultiply,resultinginthegenebeingcopiedmanytimesover.

Whatanimalshavebeencloned?

Overthelast50years,scientistshaveconductedcloningexperimentsinawiderangeofanimalsusingavarietyoftechniques.In1979,researchersproducedthefirstgeneticallyidenticalmicebysplittingmouseembryosinthetesttubeandthenimplantingtheresultingembryosintothewombsofadultfemalemice.Itwasnotuntil1996,however,thatresearcherssucceededincloningthefirstmammalfromamaturecelltakenfromanadultanimal.After276attempts,ScottishresearchersfinallyproducedDolly,thelambfromtheuddercellofa6-year-oldsheep.Besides,othermammalsthathavebeenclonedinclude:

cat,deer,dog,horse,mule,ox,rabbitandrat.

Havehumansbeencloned?

Despiteseveralhighlypublicizedclaims,humancloningstillappearstobefiction.Therecurrentlyisnosolidscientificevidencethatanyonehasclonedhumanembryos.

Inxx,scientistsinSouthKoreaclaimedtohavesuccessfullyclonedahumanembryo,butsaidtheexperimentwasinterruptedveryearlywhentheclonewasjustagroupoffourcells.

Inxx,agroupledbyWoo-SukHwangofSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreapublishedapaperinthejournal Science inwhichitclaimedtohavecreatedaclonedhumanembryoinatesttube.However,anindependentscientificmitteelaterfoundnoprooftosupporttheclaimand,inJanuaryxx, Science announcedthatHwang'spaperhadbeenretracted（撤销）.

Whyishumancloningdifficult?

Fromatechnicalperspective,cloninghumansandotherprimates（灵长类动物）ismoredifficultthaninothermammals.Onereasonisthattwoproteinsessentialtocelldivisionarelocatedveryclosetothechromosomes（染色体）inprimateeggs.Consequently,removaloftheegg'snucleustomakeroomforthedonornucleusalsoremovestheproteins,interferingwithcelldivision.Inothermammals,suchascats,rabbitsandmice,thetwoproteinsarespreadthroughouttheegg.So,removaloftheegg'snucleusdoesnotresultinlossofproteins.Inaddition,somedyesandtheultravioletlightusedtoremovetheegg'snucleuscandamagetheprimatecellandpreventitfromgrowing.

Whataresomeoftheethicalissuesrelatedtocloning?

Cloningwouldpresentthepotentialofcreatingahumanthatisgeneticallyidenticaltoanotherpersonwhohaspreviouslyexistedorwhostillexists.Thismayconflictwithlong-standingreligiousandsocietalvaluesabouthumandignity,possiblyviolatingprinciplesofindividualfreedom,identityandautonomy（自主权）.However,somearguethatcloningcouldhelpsterile（生育困难的）couplesfulfilltheirdreamofparenthood.Othersseehumancloningasawaytoavoidpassingonahurtfulgenethatrunsinthefamilywithouthavingtoundergoembryoscreeningorembryoselection.

46.Whichofthefollowinganimalshasn’tbeencloned?

A.Cat.B.Donkey.

C.Sheep.D.Ox.

47.WhydidScienceretractHwang’spaper?

A.Hwangcopiedothers’findsinhispaper.

B.TherewasnoprooftosupportHwang’sclaim.

C.Sciencefoundoutmistakesinthepaper.

D.Hwangwantedtoupdatethepaperbyaddingnewthings.

48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcloningistrue?

A.Thecloningprocedureconsistsofinsertingavectorintothegeneticmaterial.

B.Dollywassuccessfullyclonedafterafewattempts.

C.Removaloftheegg’snucleuscancontributetothefailureofhumancloning.

D.Thereisnopossibilitythatsterilecouplescangivebirthtotheirbabies.

49.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?

A.Tochallengenewfindingsinthepaper.

B.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesofcloning.

C.Toprovideinformationaboutcloning.

D.Toclaimnewpossibilitiesofcloning.

C

Whileresidentsofwealthynationstendtohavegreaterlifesatisfaction,newresearchshows

thatthoselivinginpoorernationsreporthavinggreatermeaninginlife.

Thesefindings,publishedinPsychologicalScience,ajournaloftheAssociationforPsychologicalscience,suggestthatmeaninginlifemaybehigherinpoorernationsasaresultofgreaterreligiosity（笃信宗教）.Ascountriesbeericher,religionbeeslesscentraltopeople’slivesandtheyloseasenseofmeaninginlife.

“Thusfar,thewealthofnationshasbeenalmostalwaysassociatedwithlongevity,health,happinessorlifesatisfaction,”explainspsychologicalscientistShigehiroOishioftheUniversityofVirginia.“Giventhatmeaninginlifeisanimportantaspectofoverallwell-being,wewantedtolookmorecarefullyatdifferentialpatterns,correlates（相关物）,andpredictorsformeaninginlife.”

OishiandcolleagueEdDieneroftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaigninvestigatedlifesatisfaction,meaning,andwell-beingbyexaminingdatafromthexxGallupWorldPoll,alarge-scalesurveyofover140,000participantsfrom132countries.Inadditiontoansweringabasiclifesatisfactionquestion,participantswereasked:

“Doyoufeelyourlifehasanimportantpurposeormeaning?

”and“Isreligionanimportantpartofyourdailylife?

”

Thedatarevealedsomeunexpectedtrends:

“AmongAmericans,thosewhoarehighinl