航空商务英语1 Advantages of Air Transport 航空运输的优势.docx
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航空商务英语1AdvantagesofAirTransport航空运输的优势
LESSON1
ADVANTAGESOFAIRTRANSPORT
Airfreighthasmanyadvantagesoverothermodesoftransport.Itisgenerallymostpracticalforgoodswhichhaveahighunitvalue,i.e.ahighratioofpricetoweight.1Commoditiesoflowvaluesuchasordinaryfurniture,newsprint,cotton,rice,potato,washingmachine,rubbershoes,etc.,cannotaffordtobeartheairfreightrates;2butpreciousartgoods,furgarments,high-classinstruments,computers,cameras,watches,etc.,canbearthehighcostoftransportationwithoutanydampeningeffectontheirmarketability.Merchantsaremoreinclinedtohavetheirgoodsofthesekindsshippedbyair.3
Aboveall,quickdeliveryisthemostobviousadvantageofairfreightservice,whichmeansasavingoftimespentontransit.Forinstance,ifsilkpiecegoods4areshippedfromTianjintoHamburgorParis,itmaytake2to3monthstoreachtheportofdestination.Nowiftheyaretransportedbyair,thelengthoftimemaybereducedtoaperiodof3or4days.Totieupalargeamountofcapital,sayUS$100,000,for3monthsat1%interestpermonthwouldcostUS$3,000.5Forhigh-pricedcommodities,thetimevaluewhichashipperisabletogainusuallyoutweighsthehighcostofairtransport.Forthisreason,manyexporterspreferairfreight,especiallywhentheymaynotbeabletoaffordhavingtheircapitaltiedupforthreemonthswhileashipcompleteshervoyage.
Furthermore,exporterscanbenefitfromquickdeliveryinthattheycanachievequickturnoverandmaintainarelativelysmallinventoryofrawmaterialsorfinishedproducts,particularlyintheexportmarket.Theadvantageisevenmoreconspicuouswherethemarketisdemandingandthecommoditiesarehighlycompetitive.Thereareinstanceswherethebuyersonoverseasmarketsrequireimmediatedeliveryandthosewhopromisefastdeliveryareinabetterpositiontowintheordersincompetition.
Airtransportationprovestobealmostindispensabletoperishablegoods,whichareliabletodeteriorateorbecomeuselessifthevoyagetakesalongertime,saymorethanaweek.Duringthewinterof1974andthespringof1975,aconsignmentofsmalleelswasexportedfromFujiantoJapanbysearoute;thedeathratewasashighas50%.Soonafterwards,theexportermadeachangeinthemodeoftransportandswitchedtoairtransport.Itprovedtobeamoredesirablemethodoftransportationasthedeathrateoftheeelsdeclinedto5%orlessinspiteofthefactthattheeelsweretransshippedatHongKongwherethetemperatureisusuallyaround32℃.AnotherstrikingexampleisthatexportinglicheefromSouthChinatoSingaporebyseawasalosingbusinessbecausethefruit,thoughstoredinrefrigerationinstallations,mostlybecamerottenorturneddarkwhenitarrivedattheportofdestination;butifshippedbyair,licheeremainsfreshandthuscanfindareadymarket.6CrabsexportedfromShanghai,mangofromKunming,grapesandmelonsfromXinjiangareknowntopeoplelivinginHongKong,whowillinglypayapricemuchhigherthanthatobtainableonthehomemarket.
Forgoodsofhighunitvalue,shippersusuallypayextrachargestotheshippinglineattheadvaloremrateonf.o.b.value,inadditiontothefreightcharge,whichishigherthanthatonaweightbasis;whileshippingbyair,noextrachargeattheadvaloremrateiscollectedbyairline,unlessthereisdeclaredvalueofthecargoandvaluationchargeispaidforit,inordertoprotectagainstpossiblelossordamage.7Thelatterisnotafreightcharge.
Inoceantransport,freightischargedonaweighttonorameasurementton,whicheverisgreater,theratiobeing40cubicfeetagainst1metricton.Inairtransportbulkycommodities,i.e.low-densitycargoesarealsochargedbycubicmeasurement,buttheratiois6,000cubiccmagainst1kg.Obviouslyairlinesallowalotmorecubicspaceforonemeasurementtonthanshippinglines.Inviewofthisdifference,toshipquiteafewkindsofbulkycargobyairwill,incertaincases,bemoreeconomicalthanbysea.Freshflowersareatypicalexampleofperishablegoodswhichmustbeshippedbyair;otherwisetheyareliabletodeteriorateandbecomerubbish.Airlineschargelessfreightforflowersthantheywouldotherwisebechargedifthesameratio(40cuftfor1mt)usedbyshippinglineswereadoptedinairfreight.8Allthiscontributestothedevelopmentoftheflowerexporttradebetweencountrieswhicharethousandsofmilesapart.
Theinsurancecompanychargestheshipperalowerpremiumforthesamekindofcoverageifgoodsareshippedbyairratherthanbyseaonaccountofgentlerhandlingofairfreight,smootherride,lessjostlingintransitandhencelessprobabilityofdamagetothecargo.Aircargoisrelativelywelltakencareofascomparedwiththeroughhandlingwhichoftenoccursatthedocksandterminals,andislesssusceptibletotheftandpilferage.Whentheinsurancepremiumistakenintoconsideration,thecostofairfreightisnotashighasitappearstobe.Thisadvantageisconspicuousespeciallywhengoodsofhighunitvalueareconsigned.
Airfreightpackingislessexpensivethanthatofconsignmentbysea.Normallydomesticpackingisoftensufficient;therefore,noextraexportpackingisrequired.Lighterpackingcanbeabigadvantageinthoseexporttransactionsforcountrieswherecustomsdutiesarebasedonthetotalweightoftheconsignment.Sometimesthesavinginthisconnectionisconsiderable.Forexample,anexportershipsceramicheatingtubesmadeup(inconsignment)of24tubesofdifferentdiameterswithanaverageweightof300gramseach,thetotalnetweightis7.2kgs.Iftheconsignmentisshippedbysea,hehastopacktheconsignmentinfivesmallerwoodencases,whichinturngointoabigwoodencase.Thepackingtogetherwiththestrappingsweighs64.5kgs,ninetimesasmuchasthenetweight.Afterconsultationwithafreightforwarderhedecidestodeviseanewpackingandshipthegoodsbyair.Itconsistsofacorrugatedcardboardbox,expandedpolystyreneandfoamrubberforcushioningandtwowoodenboardsforstiffening.Thetotalweightofthisnewpackingis6.9kgs,henceasavingof57.6kgs.Whatadifferenceitmakes!
Airtransportisallthemorepreferabletotheothermodesoftransportunderthefollowingcircumstances:
(I)Whenacertainconsignmentofgoodsmustberushedandarriveatdestinationbeforetheexpirationdateoftheimportlicense;
(II)Whensomeseasonalgoodsmustbeputonthemarketbeforeholidays;or
(III)Whensomecommoditiesareexportedforpublicitypurposes,suchasnewspapersandmagazines,andanydelaywouldmakethemvalueless.
Lastbutnottheleast,airtransporthasavastnetworkofairlines,whichcanreachremoteplacesintheinterioracrosshighmountains,whicharehardlyaccessiblebyrailorroadtransport,tosaynothingofseatransport.Desirableasitis,airtransporthasitslimitations.9Thereareanumberofcommoditieswhichareunsuitedtocarriagebyair,includingbulkycommoditiesoflowvalue,rawmaterials,etc.,wherethehighcostofairfreightoutweighstheotheradvantages.Besides,owingtotechnicalreasons,hazardouscargoesandcommoditiesofawkwardsizesareoutofthequestion.Governmentregulationsforbidthetransportationofhazardousgoodsbyair.
Itisessentialforadispatchclerkoramanagerinchargeofforeigntradetransportationtostrikeabalancebetweentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof10airtransportsoastogetthemosteconomicalresults.
SPECIALTERMS
Turnover:
Theactorresultofturningover;andalsotheamountofmoneyturnedoverordrawninbusiness.
f.o.b.:
Theabbreviationoffreeonboard.
Netweight:
Onlytheweightofgoodsthemselves.Ontheotherhand,weoftenspeakofgrossweight.Itisthetotalweightofgoodstogetherwiththeirpackings.
Expirationdate:
Thedateonwhichalicenseordocumentexpires.
Network:
Acomplicatedinterminglingoflines,suchasthatofarailroadoranairroutesystem..
WORDSANDEXPRESSIONS
advantage(n.)优点,优势;优越性;好处
transport(v.)/-'-/;(n.)/'--/运输
air~航空运输
modesof~运输方式
freight(n.)货运;(货运的)货物;(货运的)运费
air~航空货运
practical(adj.)实用的
unitvalue单(位)价(值)
commodity(n.)商品;货物
newsprint(n.)新闻纸
bear(vt.)承受,负担
preciousartgoods珍贵艺术品
furgarments皮毛服装
dampen(vt.)使潮湿;抑制;降低,减弱
marketability(n.)适销性;市场销路
merchant(n.)商人;贸易商,批发商
beinclinedto…倾向于…
ship(vt.)海运,航运;运输
shipper(n.)发货人;货主
delivery(n.)交付
obvious(adj.)显著的
transit(n.)运输,载运;通行;中转;过境
in~在运输(途)中
Hamburg(n.)汉堡(德国港口)
tieup停顿;冻结;占用
capital(n.)资本;资金
outweigh(vt.)胜过,优于;(重要性)超过
voyage(n.)航行;航程
turnover(n.)营业额
inventory(n.)存货,库存(量);细帐;详细目录(记载)
finishedproducts成品
conspicuous(adj.)显著的;明显的;引人注目的
demanding(adj.)要求严格的;费力的
competitive(adj.)竞争的,有竞争(能)力的
promise(v.)承诺,允诺;保证,答应
order(n.)次序;指令,命令;定(货)单
competition(n.)竞争,竞赛
prove(v.)证实;证明
indispensable(adj.)必不可少的
perishable(adj.)(容)易腐(烂)的
beliableto…易于
deteriorate(v.)变质
consign(v.)托运
consignment(n.)托运;托运的货物
switchto…转到,换到,转向…
eel(n.)鳗鱼
declineto…降至,减少到…
transship(v.)换船;转运,转载
striking(adj.)显著的;惊人的
lichee(n.)荔枝
Singapore(n.)新加坡
refrigeration(n.)冷藏
installation(n.)装置;设备
rotten(adj.)腐烂的;腐败的
fresh(adj.)新鲜的
crab(n.)(螃)蟹
mango(n.)芒果
grape(n.)葡萄
melon(n.)瓜
obtainable(adj.)可得到的,可买到的
homemarket产地市场;国内市场
shippingline海运公司
advalorem(或adval)(自拉丁语)按(照)价(格)
the~rate按价费率
valuationcharge保价费
weightton重量吨
measurementton尺码吨(船只装载单位:
木材等=40立方英尺,
石料=16立方英尺,
焦碳=28普式耳,
煤=49普式耳,
小麦=20普式耳)
metricton公吨(即1000公斤)
bulky(adj.)体积大的;蓬松的;又大又笨的
lowdensitycargo低密度货物
typical(adj.)典型的
rubbish(n.)垃圾
cu