新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总.docx

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总.docx

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新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

1Introduction

1.1Whatislinguistics?

Scientificstudyoflanguage.

Interpretation:

trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;

linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;

scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.

1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics

Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.

phonetics

Studythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudy

phonology

Howsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaning

morphology

Thewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords

syntax

Rulesgoverningthecombinationofwords

semantics

Thestudyofmeaning

pragmatics

Studythemeaningincontext

Abovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;

Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.

sociolinguistics

languageandsociety

psycholinguistics

Howinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation……（languageandbrain）

Appliedlinguistics

Appliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisition

1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

prescriptive

descriptive

Aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”;i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayornot

Describeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse（modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed）

synchronic

diachronic

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime

Modernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:

Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;

Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.

speech

writing

Speechispriortowriting:

writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;

speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;

speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;

spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.

Langue语言

Parole言语

Abstractlinguisticsystem;

Relativelystable

Therealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;

Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituation

ProposedbySwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury:

paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlanguefromparole.

competence

performance

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

proposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,nottheperformance.

Difference:

Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

Traditionalgrammar

Modernlinguistics

Prescriptive;

writtenlanguageisprimary;

ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;

Descriptive;

Spokenlanguageisprimary;

Tryingtosetupauniversalframework

ModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofF.deSassure’sbookcourseingenerallinguistics

1.2Whatislanguage

1.2.1Definitionsoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Characteristics:

languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;

languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;

languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;

languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.

1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:

comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationsystems.Followingarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:

arbitrariness

Nologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds（exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords）

productivity

Itmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.

duality

Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem（carp&park）.Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;

Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;

culturaltransmission

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.（languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted）

1.2.3Functionsoflanguage

Threemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:

descriptivefunction

Theprimaryfunctionoflanguage;

Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenverified.e.g:

TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.

expressivefunction

Supplyinformationabouttheuser’sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,etc.Iwillnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.

socialfunction

Servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?

Others:

Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：

sixelemens（function）ofaspeech:

Addresser-emotive（动机）addressee-conative（意动）context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunion

code-metalinguistic

BritishlinguisticM.A.KHalliday:

ideationalfunction（语篇功能）[includeddescriptive&expressivefunctin]istoorganizethespeaker’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.

interpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.[socialfunction]

textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.

2.Phonology

2.1Thephonicmediumoflanguage

Speechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorgan

Twomajormediaofcommunication:

speechandwriting;

2.2phonetics

2.2.1whatisphonetics?

Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld’slanguage.

Articulatoryphonetics（发音语言学）

ThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics（听觉语言学）

Acousticphonetics（声学语言学）

2.2.2organsofspeech

Pharyngealcavity（咽喉）

Nasalcavity（鼻腔）

Oralcavity（口腔）

Voicing:

vibrationofthevocalcords

2.2.3orthgraphicrepresentationofspeechsounds:

broad&narrow

Internationalphoneticalphabet:

letter→sounds

Broad（usedintextbook）:

lettersymbols[p]

Narrow:

lettersymbols+diacritics（变音符）[phit][spit]

h→aspiration[phoneticianmoreinterestedin]

2.2.4classificationofEnglishspeechsounds

2.2.4.1classificationofEnglishconsonant

Totalobstruction

Passingout

Bilabial

（双唇音）

Labio-dental

（唇齿音）

Dental

（齿音）

Alveloar

（齿龈音）

Palatal

（腭音）

Velar

（软腭）

Glottal

（喉音）

Stops

Partialobstruction

（闭塞音）

VL

p

f

t

k

VD

b

v

d

g

Fricative

Completeatfirst

Releaseslowlywithpartialobstruction

（摩擦音）

VL

o

s

f

h

VD

d

z

g

Affricates

（塞擦音）

VL

tf

tf

VD

dg

dg

Nasals

（鼻音）

VD

m

n

n

Liquids

（流音）

VD

L,r

Glides

（滑音）

VD

w

j

2.2.4.2classificationofEnglishvowels

Monophthongs：

front

central

back

close

I:

I

U:

u

Semi-close

e

e:

Semi-open

e

C:

open

aea

^

Da:

2.3phonology

2.3.1phonology&phonetics

2.3.2phonephonemeallophone

Differentphonesrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironment

2.3.3phonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpair

2.3.4somerulesinphonology

Sequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionrule

2.3.5suprasegmentalfeatures（phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments）

Stress:

N&v

Tone：

四声

Intonation：

differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged

3.Morphology

Grammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure

Word:

thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage

Morpheme:

thesmallestunitofmeaning

Rootstembase

Root:

believe

Stem:

believable（除掉所有的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份）

Base：

unbelievable（un的词基）

Derivationalmorpheme:

changecategorygrammaticalclassofwords

Prefix:

changemeaning

Suffix:

changemeaningandpartsofspeech

Inflectionalmorpheme:

signifytensenumbercase

Wordformation:

Clipping（shortening&abbreviation）

[nochangeofpartofspeech]

I.egymexpomemodiscoburgerquakefridgescript

back-formation

[changeofpartofspeech]

I.eeditor-edithawker-hawkbeggar-begbaby-sister--baby-sit

Butcher-butchdonation-donateorientation-orient（ate）

conversion（functionalshift）

I.e:

N-vv-na-va-n

acronyms

[pronouncedaswords]

CEOB2BITCPIIADWTOBBS（FORBULLETINBOARDSYSTEM）

APECAIDSUNESCOUCLAIDD

initialism

[producedasletters]

C.O.DFBIEEC

blending

Smoke+fog=smog

Taikong+astronaut=taikonaut

compounding

Bittersweetlandlady

onomatopoeia

Blastrustle

5.Semantics

Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning:

1）thenamingtheory,plato,words→objects

Limitations:

√N×ADJADVV

√Concrete×abstract

2）theconceptualistview

Semantictriangle,ogden&richa