考研英语一真题完整版.docx

考研英语一真题完整版.docx

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考研英语一真题完整版

2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析（完整版）

SectionIUseofEnglish

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

　　TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland

　　Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:

Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?

Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

　　Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

　　Another12:

Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

　　18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

　　1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All

　　2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

　　3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

　　4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

　　5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

　　6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

　　7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

　　8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

　　9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

　　10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

　　11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

　　12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

　　13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

　　14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

　　15.[A]form[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

　　16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

　　17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

　　18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally

　　19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

　　20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

　　SectionIIReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

　　Text1

　　FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:

morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

　　“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

　　TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”

　　Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

　　IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthant“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

　　Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism，”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

　　Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

　　21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe

　　A.enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility

　　B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

　　C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

　　D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

　　22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

　　A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

　　B.governments’impatienceindecision-making

　　C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

　　D.“short-termism”ineconomicactivities

　　23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

　　A.indirect

　　B.adverse

　　C.minimal

　　D.temporary

　　24.TheUSandFranceexamplesandusedtoillustrate

　　A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.

　　B.thesignificanceoflong-termthingking.

　　C.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.

　　D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

　　25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

　　A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

　　B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

　　C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

　　D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

　　Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

　　Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.

　　Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

　　Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

　　Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

　　Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

　　26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

　　A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

　　B.Students'indifferencetoGPAS.

　　C.Colleges'neglectofGPAS.

　　D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

　　27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

　　A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

　　B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

　　C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

　　D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

　　28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

　　A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.

　　B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.

　　C.improvetheirteachingquality.

　　D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.

　　29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?

　　A.Tocounterbalanceeachother