英国文学复习笔记整理.docx

英国文学复习笔记整理.docx

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英国文学复习笔记整理

1AlthoughGeoffreyChaucerwasessentiallyamedievalwriter,heboremarksofhumanismandanticipatedaneweraofliteraturetocome.

2Romance,whichusesnarrativeverseorprosetotellstoriesofKnightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,isapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.

TheRenaissancePeriod

EdmundSpencer/ChristopherMarlowe/WilliamShakespeare

FrancisBacon/JohnDonne/JohnMilton

1.Renaissance:

between14thandmid-17thcentury.

2.Renaissancemeansrebirthorrevivalisactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:

TherediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture,

Thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,

Thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.

3.TheRenaissance,thereforeinessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandScholarsmadeattempttogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinMedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedthepurityoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.

Thereligiousreformationintheearly16th-centuryEnglandwasareflectionoftheclassstruggleswagedbytherisingbourgeoisieagainstthefeudalclassanditsideology

4.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance

Theessenceofhumanismistoemphasizehumanqualities

（1）Capableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfection.

（2）Theyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebytoquestion,exploreandenjoy.

（3）TomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativeoftheEnglishhumanist.

5Metaphysicalpoetry:

Metaphysicalischaracterizedbypassionatethoughtsuccessionofconcentratedimage,exerciseofelaborateingenuityand“wit”,JohnDonnewasthefamousoftheMetaphysicalpoet.TheMetaphysicalPoetsweremenoflearningandtoshowtheirlearningwastheirendeavor.

EdmundSpenser

Masterpiece:

TheFaerieQueene（allegory）

ChristopherMarlowe（Universitywits）

1Importantplays:

Tambulaine,Dr.Faustus,TheJewofMalta

2MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceofinfinitepowersandauthority

（1）Perfectedtheblankverse.

（2）CreationoftheRenaissanceherotoEnglishdrama,itembodiesMarlowe’sidealofhumandignityandcapacity.

3Dr.Faustus:

aspiringforknowledge,theplay’sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious,itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness,italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorderandtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.

4ThestatementthatamangainedthewholeworldbutlosthisownsoulmakesagoodsummaryofthemainplotofTheTragicHistoryofDoctorFaustus

WilliamShakespeare

1.    Works:

154sonnets,38plays,2longpoems

Comedy:

MerchantofVenice.

24greattragedies:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth

Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacetheinjusticeofhumanfateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation;eachherohashisweaknessofnature.

Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind:

Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;

oldKingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreachery（背叛）andinfidelity（失真）

Macbeth’slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrime.

3statementsbestillustratesthethemeofShakespeare’sSonnet18:

Thespeakerpraisesthepowerofartisticcreation.

FrancisBacon

1Masterpiece:

Essay;NovumOrganum.（新工具）

2NovumOrganum:

mostimpressivedisplayofBeacon’sintellect.Theargumentisfortheuseofinductivenessofreasoninscientificstudy.

3Beaconsuggeststheinductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral,inplaceoftheAristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning,i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular.

4Beacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.

JohnDonne

Metaphysicalpoetry

ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne’spoetryispreciselyitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.

Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits.

JohnMilton

Threemajorpoeticalworks:

Paradiselost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonists

ThefreedomofthewillisthekeytoneofMilton’screed.

ParadiseLost

TheepicisthemasterpieceofJohnMilton

ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtellshowSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,temptsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofMan.

TheNeoclassicPeriod

JohnBunyan/AlexanderPope/DanielDefoe/JonathanSwift

HenryFielding/SamuelJohnson/RichardBrinsleySheridan

TomasGray

1BetweenthereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationoflyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798

2EnlightenmentortheAgeofreason

TheEnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime

Itsproposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenmentcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reasonandrule,yieldplaceto“eternaltruth”“eternaljustice”and“naturalequality”

Theybelievedthathumanbeingswerelimited,dualisticandimperfectliteratureatthetime,heavilydidacticandmoralizing.

Theybelievedinself-restraint,self-relianceandhardwork.Towork,toeconomizeandtoaccumulatewealthconstitutesthewholemeaningoftheirlife.Thisaspectofsociallifeisbest-formedintherealisticnovelsofthe18thcentury.

3Inthefieldofliterature,theybelievedthattheartisticshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.Seekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpression,inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings.

4Neoclassicism.InEnglishliteratureand,thestylistictrendbetweentheRestorationandtheadventofromanticismatthebeginningofthe19thcenturyisreferredtoasNeoclassicism.

5Heroic:

Itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucerandwidelyusedsubsequently.

JohnBunyan

1.Masterpiece:

Thepilgrim’sprogress

2.    The“vanityfair”symbolizeshumanworld;forallthatcomthisvanityeverythingandanythinginthisworldisvanity,havingnovalueandnomeaning.

3.    InThePilgrim’sProgress,JohnBanyandescribesTheVanityFairinasatiricaltone.

Thephrase"tourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandtoseeksalvationthroughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils"maywellsumuptheimpliedmeaningof

ThePilgrim’sProgress

AlexanderPope

1Pope,averysensitiveman,wouldstrikebackhard,andintheconstantverbalbattleshedevelopedastyleofbitingsatire.

2HewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland,butwasnotentirelyblindtotherapidmoral,politicalandculturaldeterioration.

3Forhimthesupremevalueswereorder-cosmicorder,politicalorder,socialorder,aestheticorder,andthisemphasisanorderexpressioninallofhisworks.PopemadehisnameasagreatpoetwiththepublicationofanEssayonCriticismin1711.

4PopestronglyadvocatedNeoclassicism,emphasizingthatliteraryworksshouldbejudgedbyclassicalruleoforder,reason,logic,restrainedemotion,goodtasteanddecorum.

DanielDefoe

Masterpiece:

RobinsonCrusoe

Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquial（口语的）andmostvernacular.Defoeglorifieshumanlaborandthepuritanfortitude.Itreferstheenterprisingspritofthemiddleclass.

JonathanSwift

1.Chiefworks:

ATaleofaTub,Thebattleofthebooks,TheDrapier’sletters,Gulliver’sTravelandamodestproposal.

2.Swiftisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces”clear,simple,concrete,diction,uncomplicatedsentencestructureandeconomyandconciseuseoflanguagemarkallhiswriting-essay,poemsandnovels.

3.Asawhole,thebookisonehavethemosteffectiveanddevastatingcriticismandsatiresofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlifesocially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientificallyandmorally.

HenryFielding

1.Masterpiece:

AHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling

2.Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”forhiscontributiontotheestablishmentoftheformofthemodernnovel.

3.Fielding’slanguageiseasy,unlaboredandfamiliarbutextremelyvividandvigorous.

4.Ofallthe18thcenturynovelist,hewasthefirsttosetoutbothintheoryandpractice.Towritespeciallya“comicepicinpoem”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelsitsstructureandstory;heuseepistolaryformand“thethird-personnarration”.

5.Inplanninghisstories,hetriestoretainthegrand,epicaloftheclassicalworksbutatthesametimekeepsfaithfultohisrealisticpresentationofcommonlifeasitis.

SamuelJohnson

1.Lexicographer:

theauthorofthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman---ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage（1755）

2.TotheRightHonorabletheEarlof----Chesterfield

3.Hewasparticularlyfondofmoralizing,anddidacticism.Hislanguageincharacteristicallygeneral,oftenLatinateandfrequentlypolysyllabic.

RichardBrinsleySheridan

1Masterpiece:

Theschoolforscandal.

2SheridanhastheonlyimportantEnglishdramatistofthe18thcentury;import