高考英语专题三 阅读理解 第2节精校解析Word版.docx
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高考英语专题三阅读理解第2节精校解析Word版
第2节 说明文
题组训练一
1
(2018·江苏)
Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze’schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.
Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:
dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.
Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad:
thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenone the wiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.
Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:
putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:
dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.
Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad’tables,”giventhatthey’reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant’sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。
它主要通过引入现代餐馆的鼻祖马蒂兰·罗兹制订的标准以及学者对于餐馆的研究来介绍现代餐馆在经营中影响食客消费的几个要素:
视觉要素餐具、灯光、听觉要素音乐、嗅觉要素气味、其他要素桌位、拥挤程度和价格。
素材旨在通过现代餐馆的经营理念,让考生了解西方现代餐馆的经营之道。
1.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere .
A.notawareofeatingmorethanusual
B.notwillingtosharefoodwithothers
C.notconsciousofthefoodquality
D.notfondofthefoodprovided
答案 A
解析 词义猜测题。
根据第三段中的“...thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenone the wiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller...”可知,那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多,但他们没觉得更饱,这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下,食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少,所以此处的nonethewiser是“不清楚,不知道”之意。
故选A项。
2.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?
A.Playingclassicalmusic.
B.Introducinglemonscent.
C.Makingthelightbrighter.
D.Usingplatesoflargersize.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。
根据第四段中的“Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.”可知,当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候,食客们会花更多的钱。
spentmore就是对题干中makemoreprofit的语意转化。
故选A项。
3.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?
A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.
B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.
C.Waystoimproverestaurants’reputation.
D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.
答案 D
解析 段落大意题。
根据最后一段首句中的“thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—‘bad’tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily”可知,你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西——位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高——未必如此(指在某些人看来,这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。
由此可知,作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解,故选D项。
2
Plastic-EatingWorms
Humansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋场),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.
ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊状物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.
FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.“Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,”sheexplains.“Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.”
JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply“millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.”
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。
作者介绍了一项科学发现:
一种吃塑料的虫子——大蜡螟,它胃中的酶能够降解塑料,从而为人们解决塑料污染问题提供新的途径。
4.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?
A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.
B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.
C.Theycanconsumeplastics.
D.Theywindupinlandfills.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。
根据第二段第一句“...foundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene...”和第二句中的“thewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams”可知,研究人员在研究中发现大蜡螟蠕虫可以分解塑料中的聚乙烯,显然也可以分解垃圾中的塑料,与选项C中提到的“吃塑料”吻合。
5.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto .
A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdown
B.findoutthesourceoftheenzyme
C.confirmtheresearchfindings
D.increasethebreakdownspeed
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。
根据第四段最后两句“Thenextstep...Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(肠道微生物)?
”可知,接下来人们需要证实的就是酶是从哪里产生的。
选项B“查明酶的来源”与此吻合。
6.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight .
A.helptoraiseworms
B.helpmakeplasticbags
C.beusedtocleantheoceans
D.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。
根据最后一段第二句“Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply‘millionsofworms...’”可知,研究人员期望在某种工业流程中使用这种化学制品,而不仅仅是把数百万的虫子扔到塑料上。
这与选项D中提到的“今后工厂可能生产这种化学制品”吻合。
7.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.
B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.
C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.
D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。
作者通过本文介绍了一项消除塑料垃圾的研究,显然是为人们提供了一条清除塑料垃圾的新途径。
选项C与此意吻合。
3
ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwhennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.
Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?
However,theyarerichinvitaminC.
Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.
Ifyouhavea juicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。
文章介绍了七月给我们带来的各种水果,并告诉我们它们富含的营养成分和可以制成的美食。
8.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?
A.Theycontainprotein.
B.TheyarehighinvitaminA.
C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.
D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。
由第二段倒数第二句“Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?
”可知,作者喜欢樱桃是因为其味道甜美。
故选C。
9.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?
A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.
B.Tokeeptheircolour.
C.Tospeeduptheirripening.
D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。
由第三段倒数第二句“Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.”可知,往香蕉上挤一些新鲜的柠檬汁能保护香蕉在冷冻的时候不变色,故选B项。
10.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?
A.Adessert.B.Adrink.
C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.
答案 D
解析 词义猜测题。
根据文章最后一段,尤其是最后一句中的“...theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.”可知,此处juicer指果汁机。
故选D项。
11.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?
A.Abiologytextbook.
B.Ahealthmagazine.
C.Aresearchpaper.
D.Atravelbrochure.
答案 B
解析 文章出处题。
从全文内容看,第一段提到丰收的七月带来的各种水果,说这些水果好比储存营养的小“动力室”;第二段提到山莓等各种水果含有的维生素等营养成分;第三、四段提到利用这些水果制作各种美食。
因此可知本文可能摘选自健康类的杂志。
故选B项。
题组训练二
1
Thismonth,Germany’stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.
Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousveh