探析马尾松栽培管理技术.docx

探析马尾松栽培管理技术.docx

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探析马尾松栽培管理技术

探析马尾松栽培管理技术

马尾松（Pinusmassonianalamb.）是我国分布最广、数量最多的一种松树,在南方各省森林蓄积量中,马尾松占一半以上。

马尾松喜光,要求温暖湿润的气候,对土壤要求不严,能在石砾土、沙质土、粘土、山脊及岩石裸露的石缝里都能生长。

忌水涝,不耐盐碱,喜酸性和微酸性土壤,pH值4.5-6.5生长最好。

在钙质土和石灰岩风化的土壤上往往生长不良。

Massonpine（Pinusmassonianalamb.）isthemostwidelydistributedinChina,thelargestnumberofapinetree,inthesouthoftheprovincialforeststockvolumeofpinusmassonianaaccountsformorethanhalf.Pinusmassonianaisfondoflighttowarmandhumidclimate,thesoilisrelaxed,caninthefertilesoil,sandysoil,clay,ridgeandrockbarecangrowintheblades.Avoidflooding,alkali,acidandacidicsoil,pH4.5and6.5bestgrowth.Incalcareoussoilandlimestoneweatheringofpoorsoilstendtogrowth.

管店林业总场是安徽省最大的国有林场,现经营总面积25万余亩,有林地面积近20万亩,其中马尾松林13万亩,占有林地的65%,笔者通过近十多年的栽培观察和逐步摸索,体会到通过以下具体措施对促进马尾松生长,增加单位面积产量有明显作用,有利于提高经济效益。

PipeshopforestryPLDisoneofthelargeststate-ownedforestfarmofanhuiprovince,isnowoperatingwithatotalareaof250000mu,forestlandareaofnearly200000mu,thehorsetailpineforest130000mu,accountsfor65%offorestland,theauthorobservesthroughnearly10yearsofcultivationandgraduallygrope,realizedthroughthefollowingmeasurestopromotethegrowthofpinusmassoniana,andincreasetheyieldperunitareahasobviouseffect,ishelpfultoimprovetheeconomicbenefit.

1　马尾松的造林技术

1massonpineafforestationtechniques

1.1　造林地的选择

1.Theselectionofplantingarea

马尾松造林地不宜大面积集中连片,要根据树种特性和立地条件,因地制宜,合理布局,使之与阔叶树混交,既有利于水土保持和改善森林生态环境,又有利于预防马尾松毛虫的蔓延发展和森林火灾发生。

应根据经营目的,交通条件,培养不同的材种,以便分别采取相应的经营措施,充分发挥马尾松的生产潜力。

Massonpineplantingareashouldnotbeconcentratedlargearea,accordingtotreespeciescharacteristicsandsiteconditions,adjustmeasurestolocalconditions,reasonablelayout,withbroadleavedtreemixed,bothisadvantageoustothesoilandwaterconservationandimprovetheforestecologicalenvironment,andtopreventthespreadofdendrolimuspunctatusdevelopmentandforestfires.Shouldaccordingtothebusinesspurpose,trafficconditions,raisesthedifferentmaterial,soastorespectivelytakethecorrespondingmanagementmeasures,givefullplaytotheproductivepotentialofpinusmassoniana.

1.2　整地方式

1.2sitepreparationmethods

造林前一年秋冬整地效果较好。

皖东丘陵地带一般多采用块状整地。

暗穴、半明穴整地对防止水土流失,降低造林成本有明显效果。

劳动力充足,经济条件较好的地方,提倡明穴整地,确保整地质量;有利于提高造林成活率和促进幼苗早期生长。

块状整地规格一般可按50×50×30cm。

Afforestationofthepreviousyearautumnploughingeffectisbetter.Latewinterhillcountryadoptmorecommonlyblocksoilpreparation.Darkhole,halfholesoilpreparationtopreventsoilandwaterloss,decreasethecostofafforestationhaveobviouseffect.Betterplacesufficientlabor,economicconditions,advocatestheMingholesoilpreparation,soilpreparationquality;Toimproveafforestationsurvivalrateandpromotethegrowthofseedlingearly.Massivesoilpreparationspecificationsgenerallyaccordingto50*50*30cm.

1.3　造林密度

1.3forestationdensity

造林地立地条件较差的,初植密度要适当大一些,每亩500-600株。

Atthebeginningoftheplantingareaofsiteconditionsispoorer,plantdensityproperlyafewbigger,500-500plantspermu.

立地条件较好,土壤厚度达50cm以上,肥力中等偏上的,交通便利,经营集约度较高的地方,每亩栽植300-400株,以培养中大径级材为目的。

Goodsiteconditions,soilthicknessofmorethan50cm,fertilityofaverage,thetransportationisconvenient,managementintensivedegreeshigher,plantingduring300-300plantsperacre,aimatcultivatinglargediametergradematerial.

1.4　造林方法

1.4afforestationmethod

植苗造林是马尾松造林的主要方法。

适时栽植是保证造林成活的关键之一。

松苗早春顶芽抽梢较早,故应早栽。

早栽具有早发根、易成活、早生长、能抗旱等优点。

一般适宜的栽植时期在1月中下旬至3月中上旬。

皖东丘陵地区春节前后,土壤解冻,冰雪融化,或下透雨后,即可栽植,阴天毛毛细雨或雨后天晴土壤湿润时栽植最佳,吹干风时不宜栽植。

Seedingafforestationisamajormethodofafforestationofpinusmassoniana.Timelyplantingisoneofthekeytoensurethesurvivalofafforestation.Pineseedlingsinearlyspringcrownearliersuctiontip,reasonshouldbeplantedearly.Earlyplantedwithearlyroots,easytosurvivalandearlygrowth,droughtresistance,etc.GenerallysuitableplantingperiodfromthemidtolateJanuarytoearly3months.LatewinterhillyregionbeforeandaftertheSpringFestival,thawingsoilandiceandsnowmelt,ornextaftersaturatingrain,canbecultivated,overcastdrizzleormoistsoiltoplantthebestwhentheweatherisfineaftertherain,whenthedrywindisunfavorabletoplant.

供造林的苗木（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级苗）要妥为保护,确保不破坏根系,随打浆随假植,假植时间不超过24小时,泥浆不稀不稠,运输时防止苗木根部失水,栽植时如果泥浆失水发干应二次打浆。

栽植时务必做到随取苗,随栽植。

马尾松栽植时的基本要点是:

分级栽植,深栽黄毛入土,不窝根,不吊空,根系舒展,扶正苗木,踩实捶紧。

Forafforestationseedling（Ⅰ,Ⅱmiao）iscompletedfortheprotection,makesurenottounderminetheroot,andincreaseswiththeincreasingbeatingprovisonalplanting,provisonalplantingtimenotmorethan24hours,mudthinthick,preventseedlingrootswaterlossduringtransportation,plantingifdrymudfluidlossshouldbebeating.Plantingwithmiao,besuretodowhenwithplant.Basicpointis:

gradingofmassonpineplantationinplanting,deepyellowhair,donotlitter,notempty,rootsstretch,rightingseedling,onrealbeats.

集约经营程度较高的地方,可带基肥造林,对促进幼林速生和提早郁闭有相当明显的效果。

Ofhigherlevelofintensivemanagement,withbasalafforestation,topromoteyoungfast-growingandearlyclosurehasaquiteobviouseffect.

2　马尾松的抚育管理

2tendingmanagementofpinusmassoniana

2.1　幼林抚育

2.1youngforesttending

造林后3—5年内,根系入土浅,对不良环境的抵抗力差,加强对幼林的抚育管理,这是巩固造林成果,促进幼林生长的重要环节措施。

3-5yearsafterafforestation,rootsoilintoshallow,poorresistancetoadverseenvironment,strengthentheyoungforesttendingandmanagement,thisistoconsolidateafforestationachievement,promotethegrowthofyoungforestofimportantmeasures.

2.1.1　松土除草　新造幼林的生长发育,与其周围的环境条件有着密切关系。

林地上杂草灌木丛生,会与幼林争夺水分、养分和光照;杂草根系盘结还会阻碍幼树根系的伸展,通过除草,可改善幼林的生长条件,有利于幼树的光合作用和生长。

除草松土主要是在幼树周围,范围应稍大于原穴,由里到外,由浅到深,免伤根系和枝干,并注意拣去石块,土培成馒头形,杂草、灌丛铺盖在幼树周围。

2.1.1pulverizingweedingnewyoungforestgrowthanddevelopment,withitssurroundingenvironmenthavecloserelationship.Weedsscrubwoodland,withyoungforestforwaterandnutrientandillumination;Grassrootstheintertwiningwillhindertheyoungtreesrootextension,byweeding,canimprovethegrowthofyoungforestconditions,conducivetotheyoungtreesofphotosynthesisandgrowth.Weedingscarificationismainlyaroundtheyoungtrees,rangeshouldbeslightlylargerthantheoriginalpoint,fromtheinsideout,fromshallowtodeep,fromrootsandstems,andpayattentiontopickrocksandsoilcultureintobread,weeds,shrubsbedclothesaroundtheyoungtrees.

除草松土时间和次数,取决于幼林生长的特点以及杂草繁茂程度和气候条件。

最适宜的时期应在幼林生长旺盛期来临之前进行,以5-6月为好,入秋前杂草尚未结籽,除草松土效果好,且能减少来年杂草的滋生。

一般连续抚育三年,第一年至第三年可按

Weedingpulverizingtimeandnumber,dependingonthecharacteristicsofyoungforestgrowthandweedflourishingdegreeandclimateconditions.Optimumperiod,justdaysbeforethearrivalofyoungexuberantgrowthperiodshallbecarriedoutinMayandJuneaswell,beforetheautumnweedseed,weedingpulverizingeffectisgood,andcanreduceweedgrowthnextyear.Generallyraisedthreeyearsinarow,thefirstyeartothirdyearaccordingto

3、2、1次数进行。

初植造林密度大,幼林生长旺盛,可抚育二年,分别按2次和1次进行。

造林后头三年,要严格封山或加强看护,防止割草、人畜破坏等。

3,2,1times.Treeplantingdensityatthebeginningofyoungforestgrowthstrong,canraisefortwoyears,accordingtotwoandone,respectively.Afforestationinthreeyears,tostrictorstrengthensupervisiontopreventcuttinggrass,damage,etc.

2.1.2　补植:

幼林缺株,于当年秋季进行一次造林成活率全面检查,了解成活情况,提出解决办法。

按补植规定,成活率在40%以下应重新造林,41-84%应进行补植,或成活率虽达85%以上,但有局部地段成活低或死亡植株集中连片,也应补植。

补植工作一般应在当年秋季或翌年春季进行。

补植应在原种植点上进行或整地后用同龄苗补植。

2.1.2replanting:

youngQueZhu,aforestationcomprehensiveinspectionwasconductedintheautumn,theunderstandingofsurvivalcondition,putforwardasolution.Accordingtotheprovisionsoftheplantingsurvivalrateunder40%shouldbereforestation,41-84%shouldbereplanting,orsurvivalrateisabove85%,buttherearelocalplantsconcentratedarealowsurvivalordeath,shouldalsobereplanting.Replantingworkshallgenerallybeinthefallorthefollowingspring.Replantingshouldbeconductedonoriginalplantingpointsorsoilpreparationwithageaftertheseedlingreplanting.

2.2　成林抚育

2.2foresttending

幼林郁闭后至林分主伐前的整个生长发育过程属于林分分化稀疏阶段,表现为林木株数的减少,树高和直径的增加。

如不进行必要的抚育任其生长,就不能达到速生、丰产、优质的目的。

因此,马尾松幼林郁闭后,应进行修枝和抚育间伐等抚育管理。

Afteryoungforestcanopyclosuretostandbeforethefinalfellingthewholegrowthprocessbelongstothesparseforestdifferentiationstage,performanceforreducednumberoftrees,treeheightanddiameterincrease.Ifnotnecessarycarefortheirgrowth,can'tachievethegoaloffast-growing,highyield,highquality.Massonpineafteryoungforestcanopyclosure,therefore,shouldbepruningandtendingmanagementsuchastendingthinning.

2.2.1　合理修枝　合理修枝可改善马尾松干形,获得无节良材,提高木材质量,又能促进林木生长。

5—6年生的马尾松是修枝最适宜的起始年龄,此时树冠下部枝条由于通风透光不良,开始自然枯死,但枯死脱落的速度缓慢,如不及时修去,今后则会形成大的死节。

为了促进生长和减少节疤,可将枯枝和生长衰退的枝条全部修去。

对树冠中最长最粗的枝条也应酌情修去,避免偏冠,使树冠匀称。

水平枝上面的枝条,受光充足,生长旺盛,不能修除,否则影响生长。

2.2.1reasonablepruningreasonablepruningcanimprovemassonpinetrunk,zhoureceivedsection,improvethequalityofwood,andcanpromotethegrowthoftrees.5-6yearsofpinusmassonianaistheoptimumstartingage,totrimmingcanopylowerbranchesatthistimeduetopoorventilationpervioustolight,startnatureofwater,butwaterlossrateisslow,ifnottimelyrepair,willformabiglooseknotinthefuture.Inordertopromotegrowthandreduceknots,deadwoodandgrowthoffallbranchesoftherecession.Themostlongestinthecanopyofbranchesshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationthecircumstancesto,avoidpartialcrown,makethecanopysymmetry.Levelsabove,branchesbylightenough,vigorousgrowth,notinadditionto,oraffectgrowth.

修枝应掌握“轻修、勤修”的原则,修枝务必要使树冠和树高比例适度,10年生以前,树冠为树高的三分之二;10—15年后,树冠可为树高的二分之一至三分之一;以保持树干上部枝条有一定的营养面积

Pruningshouldgrasptheprin