管理信息系统外文翻译.docx
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管理信息系统外文翻译
英文文献翻译
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二〇年月日
科技文章摘译
DefinitionofaManagementInformationSystem
Thereisnoconsensusofthedefinitionoftheterm"managementinformationsystem".Somewriterspreferalternativeterminologysuchas"informationprocessingsystem","informationanddecisionsystem","organizationalinformationsystem",orsimply"informationsystem"torefertothecomputer-basedinformationprocessingsystemwhichsupportstheoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsofanorganization.Thistextuses“MIS”becauseitisdescriptiveandgenerallyunderstood;italsofrequentlyuses“informationsystem”insteadof“MIS”torefertoanorganizationalinformationsystem.
Adefinitionofamanagementinformationsystem,asthetermisgenerallyunderstood,isanintegrated,user-machinesystemforprovidinginformationtosupportoperations,management,anddecision-makingfunctionsinanorganization.Thesystemutilizescomputerhardwareandsoftware;manualprocedures;modelsforanalysisplanning,controlanddecisionmaking;andadatabase.Thefactthatitisanintegratedsystemdoesnotmeanthatitisasingle,monolithicstructure;rather,itmeansthatthepartsfitintoanoveralldesign.Theelementsofthedefinitionarehighlightedbelow.
1Computer-baseduser-machinesystem
Conceptually,managementinformationcanexistwithoutcomputer,butitisthepowerofthecomputerwhichmakesMISfeasible.Thequestionisnotwhethercomputersshouldbeusedinmanagementinformationsystem,buttheextenttowhichinformationuseshouldbecomputerized.Theconceptofauser-machinesystemimpliesthatsometasksarebestperformedbyhumans,whileothersarebestdonebymachine.TheuserofanMISisanypersonresponsibleforenteringinputdata,instructingthesystem,orutilizingtheinformationoutputofthesystem.Formanyproblems,theuserandthecomputerformacombinedsystemwithresultsobtainedthroughasetofinteractionsbetweenthecomputerandtheuser.
User-machineinteractionisfacilitatedbyoperationinwhichtheuser’sinput-outputdevice(usuallyavisualdisplayterminal)isconnectedtothecomputer.Thecomputercanbeapersonalcomputerservingonlyoneuseroralargecomputerthatservesanumberofusersthroughterminalsconnectedbycommunicationlines.Theuserinput-outputdevicepermitsdirectinputofdataandimmediateoutputofresults.Forinstance,apersonusingthecomputerinteractivelyinfinancialplanningposes“whatif”questionsbyenteringinputattheterminalkeyboard;theresultsaredisplayedonthescreeninafewsecond.
Thecomputer-baseduser-machinecharacteristicsofanMISaffecttheknowledgerequirementsofbothsystemdeveloperandsystemuser.“computer-based”meansthatthedesignerofamanagementinformationsystemmusthaveknowledgeofcomputersandoftheiruseinprocessing.The“user-machine”conceptmeansthesystemdesignershouldalsounderstandthecapabilitiesofhumansassystemcomponents(asinformationprocessors)andthebehaviorofhumansasusersofinformation.
Informationsystemapplicationsshouldnotrequireuserstobecomputerexperts.However,usersneedtobeabletospecifytheirinformationrequirements;someunderstandingofcomputers,thenatureofinformation,anditsuseinvariousmanagementfunctionaidsusersinthistask.
2Integratedsystem
Managementinformationsystemtypicallyprovidesthebasisforintegrationoforganizationalinformationprocessing.Individualapplicationswithininformationsystemsaredevelopedforandbydiversesetsofusers.Iftherearenointegratingprocessesandmechanisms,theindividualapplicationsmaybeinconsistentandincompatible.Dataitemmaybespecifieddifferentlyandmaynotbecompatibleacrossapplicationsthatusethesamedata.Theremayberedundantdevelopmentofseparateapplicationswhenactuallyasingleapplicationcouldservemorethanoneneed.Auserwantingtoperformanalysisusingdatafromtwodifferentapplicationsmayfindthetaskverydifficultandsometimesimpossible.
Thefirststepinintegrationofinformationsystemapplicationsisanoverallinformationsystemplan.Eventhoughapplicationsystemsareimplementedoneatatime,theirdesigncanbeguidedbytheoverallplan,whichdetermineshowtheyfitinwithotherfunctions.Inessence,theinformationsystemisdesignedasaplanedfederationofsmallsystems.
Informationsystemintegrationisalsoachievedthroughstandards,guidelines,andproceduressetbytheMISfunction.Theenforcementofsuchstandardsandprocedurespermitdiverseapplicationstosharedata,meetauditandcontrolrequirements,andbesharesbymultipleusers.Forinstance,anapplicationmaybedevelopedtorunonaparticularsmallcomputer.Standardsforintegrationmaydictatethattheequipmentselectedbecompatiblewiththecentralizeddatabase.Thetrendininformationsystemdesignistowardseparateapplicationprocessingformthedatausedtosupportit.Theseparatedatabaseisthemechanismbywhichdataitemsareintegratedacrossmanyapplicationsandmadeconsistentlyavailabletoavarietyofusers.TheneedforadatabaseinMISisdiscussedbelow.
3Needforadatabase
Theterm“information”and“data”arefrequentlyusedinterchangeably;however,informationisgenerallydefinedasdatathatismeaningfulorusefultotherecipient.Dataitemsarethereforetherawmaterialforproducinginformation.
Theunderlyingconceptofadatabaseisthatdataneedstobemanagedinordertobeavailableforprocessingandhaveappropriatequality.Thisdatamanagementincludesbothsoftwareandorganization.Thesoftwaretocreateandmanageadatabaseisadatabasemanagementsystem.
Whenallaccesstoanyuseofdatabaseiscontrolledthroughadatabasemanagementsystem,allapplicationsutilizingaparticulardataitemaccessthesamedataitemwhichisstoredinonlyoneplace.Asingleupdatingofthedataitemupdatesitforalluses.Integrationthroughadatabasemanagementsystemrequiresacentralauthorityforthedatabase.Thedatacanbestoredinonecentralcomputerordispersedamongseveralcomputers;theoverridingrequirementisthatthereisanorganizationalfunctiontoexercisecontrol.
4UtilizationofModels
Itisusuallyinsufficientforhumanrecipientstoreceiveonlyrawdataorevensummarizeddata.Datausuallyneedstobeprocessedandpresentedinsuchawaythattheresultisdirectedtowardthedecisiontobemade.Todothis,processingofdataitemsisbasedonadecisionmodel.Forexample,aninvestmentdecisionrelativetonewcapitalexpendituresmightbeprocessedintermsofacapitalexpendituredecisionmodel.
Decisionmodelscanbeusedtosupportdifferentstagesinthedecision-makingprocess.“Intelligence”modelscanbeusedtosearchforproblemsand/oropportunities.Modelscanbeusedtoidentifyandanalyzepossiblesolutions.Choicemodelssuchasoptimizationmodelsmaybeusedtofindthemostdesirablesolution
Inotherwords,multipleapproachesareneededtomeetavarietyofdecisionsituations.ThefollowingareexamplesandthetypeofmodelthatmightbeincludedinanMIStoaidinanalysisinsupportofdecision-making;inacomprehensiveinformationsystem,thedecisionmakerhasavailableasetofgeneralmodelsthatcanbeappliedtomanyanalysisanddecisionsituationsplusasetofveryspecificmodelsforuniquedecisions.Similarmodelsareavailableforplanningandcontrol.ThesetofmodelsisthemodelbasefortheMIS.
Themanagementinformationsystem(MIS)notonlysupportstheunderlyingbedadministrator,moreovermaysupporttheintermediatedeckpersonnel'scontrolcheck,forhighlevelalsocanprovidecertaininformation.Themanagementinformationsystemframebyfourparts:
Informationsource,informationprocessor,informationuserandinformationsuperintendent.Theinformationsourceistheinformationproductionplace;Informationprocessorburdentask/roleandsooninformationtransmission,processing,save;Theinformationuseristheinformationuser,carriesonthedecision-makingusingtheinformation;Theinformationsuperintendentisresponsiblefortheinformationsystemthedesign,theimplementationandthesafeguarding.Themanagementinformationsystemisregardedasgenerallyapyramidshapethestructure,dividesintofromthelowerlevelhandlingoftraffictotheoperatingcontrol,thecontrolcheck,thetopmoststorystrategicplanning.Themostbasicunitgreatlyprocessesthenumerousanddiversetransactioninformationandthestateinformationframingbythetask/role.
Inaword,themanagementinformationsystem(ManagementInformationSystem,MIS),isbytheartificialleadership,usingthecomputerhardware,thesoftware,thenetworkcommunicatesthesedevicesandotherofficeequipmentscarriesontheinformationthecollection,thetransmission,theprocessing,thestorage,theupdateandthesafeguardingbyachievedtheenterprisestrategycompetessuperior,enhancesthebenefitandtheefficiencytarget,supportstheenterprisethehighleveldecision-making,theintermediatedeckcheckandthebasicunitoperationintegrationman-machinesystem.MISisthesuperintendentprovidesthereport,providestheenterprisetherecentsituationaswellasthehistoricrecord.Thissystemmainlocalizationisaimsatintheenterprise,forcontrolfunctionandsoonlevelplan,checkanddecision-makingserves,providesthedatagenerallybythelowerlevelhandlingoftrafficsystem.MISwillbeabletheactualenterprise'seachkindofrunsituation,andusingthepasthistoricaldataforecastfuture,embarkstheassistanceenterprisefromtheenterpriseoverallsituation