cohesioncoherence.docx

cohesioncoherence.docx

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cohesioncoherence

Coherence:

Apieceofwritingiscoherentifitisclearlyorganisedandhasalogicalsequenceofideas.

Cohesion:

Aparagraphorsectionoftextiscohesiveifthesentencesarewellstructured,welllinkedtogetherandthereisnounnecessaryrepetition.

Thislessonwillhelpyoutowritemorecoherentlyandcohesively,bygivingyoupracticein:

Øusingparagraphsinyouressay

Øusingappropriatelinkingwordsbetweensentences

Øchoosingalternativewordstoavoidrepetitionandusingthecorrectpartsofspeech.

Youcanworkbyyourself

orwithapartner

Makesurethatyoureadtheinstructionsverycarefullybeforeyoubegineachtask.

Whenyouareready,gotoreadtheinstructionsforTaskOne.

TaskOne:

Ideas

Page1

Hereisatypical“forandagainst”essayquestionwhichyoumightbeaskedtowrite:

Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofstudyingoverseas

Byyourself,orwithapartner,makealistofalltheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofstudyingoverseasthatyoucanthinkof.Typeyourideasinthecolumnsbelow.

NB（notabene）:

Astheseareonlynotes,youdon’tneedtowritewholesentenceshere.Wordsorshortphraseswillbeenough.

Advantages

ofstudyingoverseas

Disadvantages

ofstudyingoverseas

Beingindependent

lonely

ImprovingspokenEnglish

Homesick

Extendingthecommunicationskills

expensive

Morefreedom

Culturalshock

Whenyouhavefinishedmakingyournotes,gotoTaskTwoonthenextPage.

Page2

TaskTwo:

Readandcheck

NowreadtheEssayVersionAbelowtoseeifanyofyourideaswerementioned.Atthisstage,donotworryaboutparagraphsorthemissing“secret”words.

EssayVersionA

ManyyoungpeoplechoosetocontinuetheireducationatcollegesoruniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriessuchasBritain,AustraliaorAmerica.,whilestudyingoverseashasclearadvantages,itisnotwithoutitsproblems.Inthisessay,bothpointsofviewwillbeconsidered.,studyingoverseashassignificantacademicbenefits.,thestandardofeducationisveryhightheup-to-dateequipmentandresourcesthatareavailableincollegesanduniversities.,thequalityofteachingisalsohigh,asteachersandlecturersarewell-qualifiedprofessionalswhoareawareofallthelatestdevelopmentsintheirfieldsofinterest.,thequalificationswhichastudentobtainsareusuallyvalidanywhereintheworld.theobviousacademicbenefits,studentsalsogainexperienceofanotherculture,improvetheirlanguageskillsandmeetmanynewpeople.livingawayfromtheirfamilies,theybecomemoreindependent,tolerantandemotionallymature,allofwhichaidstheirpersonaldevelopment.,insomecases,studyingabroadcanhavequitenegativeeffects.,ifstudentsareinsufficientlypreparedacademically,theymighthavedifficultiesunderstandinglecturesorwritingassignments.,youngstudentsmayhaveproblemsadjustingtoadifferentculturewithitsunfamiliarclimate,foodandlifestyle.this,theymayexperiencemuchlonelinessandhomesickness.AfinalproblemcouldbethatsomestudentsadaptsosuccessfullytoWesternculturethattheyhaveproblemsreadjustingwhentheyfinallyreturnhome.,althoughtherecanbeproblemsinstudyingabroad,moststudents,withappropriatepreparationandsupport,shouldbeabletoovercometheseobstacles.,theadvantagesofanoverseaseducationfaroutweighanyofthedisadvantagesdescribedabove.

Howmanyofyourownideaswerementionedintheessay?

Werethereanyideasthatyou（andyourpartner）hadnotconsidered?

NowgotothenexttaskonthenextPage.

Page3

TaskThree:

Addingparagraphs

Intheaboveessaytherewerenoclearlymarkedparagraphs.Theabsenceofparagraphscanmakeapieceofwritingdifficultandconfusingtoread.Inordertobecoherentandeasytounderstand,anessayshouldbedividedintoclearparagraphs,eachonecontaininganewideaortopic.

Theessayyouhavereadcanbedividedintofourorfiveparagraphs.（Asthesecondparagraphisquitelong,youcandivideitintotwoshorterparagraphs,ifyouprefer.）

Belowisachartshowingthestructureoftheessay.Canyoulabelthefunctionofeachparagraph?

Typethemissingwordsinthethirdcolumnbelow.（Oneoftheparagraphshasalreadybeenlabelled.）

EssayStructure

4-paragraphessay

5-paragraphessay

Paragraphfunctions

Paragraph1

Paragraph1

Introduction

Paragraph2

Paragraphs2+3

Advantages

Paragraph3

Paragraph4

Disadvantages

Paragraph4

Paragraph5

Conclusion

Tocheckyouranswers,lookatthebottomofthepageormoveyourmousehere:

Onthenextpageisacopyoftheessay（VersionB）.Thistime,readtheessaythroughmorecarefullyanddecidewhereyouthinkeachnewparagraphshouldbegin.

InserteachnewparagraphbyplacingyourcursoratthebeginningofthefirstsentenceandpressingtheEnterkeytwice.Thereshouldbeanemptylinebetweeneachparagraph.

Becareful:

Eachnewparagraphmustbeginwithoneofthe“secret”words,whichlookslikethis:

.MakesurethatyouplaceyourcursorinfrontoftheyellowboxbeforeyoupresstheEnterkey.

NowgotothenextPage.

EssayVersionB

ManyyoungpeoplechoosetocontinuetheireducationatcollegesoruniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriessuchasBritain,AustraliaorAmerica.,whilestudyingoverseashasclearadvantages,itisnotwithoutitsproblems.Inthisessay,bothpointsofviewwillbeconsidered.,studyingoverseashassignificantacademicbenefits.,thestandardofeducationisveryhightheup-to-dateequipmentandresourcesthatareavailableincollegesanduniversities.,thequalityofteachingisalsohigh,asteachersandlecturersarewell-qualifiedprofessionalswhoareawareofallthelatestdevelopmentsintheirfieldsofinterest.,thequalificationswhichastudentobtainsareusuallyvalidanywhereintheworld.theobviousacademicbenefits,studentsalsogainexperienceofanotherculture,improvetheirlanguageskillsandmeetmanynewpeople.livingawayfromtheirfamilies,theybecomemoreindependent,tolerantandemotionallymature,allofwhichaidstheirpersonaldevelopment.,insomecases,studyingabroadcanhavequitenegativeeffects.,ifstudentsareinsufficientlypreparedacademically,theymighthavedifficultiesunderstandinglecturesorwritingassignments.,youngstudentsmayhaveproblemsadjustingtoadifferentculturewithitsunfamiliarclimate,foodandlifestyle.this,theymayexperiencemuchlonelinessandhomesickness.AfinalproblemcouldbethatsomestudentsadaptsosuccessfullytoWesternculturethattheyhaveproblemsreadjustingwhentheyfinallyreturnhome.,althoughtherecanbeproblemsinstudyingabroad,moststudents,withappropriatepreparationandsupport,shouldbeabletoovercometheseobstacles.,theadvantagesofanoverseaseducationfaroutweighanyofthedisadvantagesdescribedabove.

Now,gotoTaskFour.

TaskFour:

Linkingwordsandexpressions

PartA

Anotherproblemwiththeessayisthatthelinkingwordsaremissing.Linkingwordsandexpressionsareimportantbecausetheyconnectideasbetweensentencesinalogicalway.Theyhelptomakethewritingmorecohesive.

Linkingwordshavefunctions.Placeeachofthelinkingwordsbelowintotheappropriatecolumnaccordingtoitsfunction.Dothisbyhighlightingeachword,thencopyingandpastingitintothecorrectcolumn.（Asanexample,twoofthelinkingwordshavealreadybeenpastedintothecorrectcolumns.）

nevertheless

inaddition

asarule

dueto

onthewhole

asaresultof

tobeginwith

Forinstance

however

inconclusion

because（of）

furthermore

ingeneral

aswellas

Addinginformation

Contrastinginformation

Reasonorresult

inaddition

aswellas

furthermore

Nevertheless

However

Asaresultof

Because（of）

Dueto

Timeorsequence

Givingexamples

Makinggeneralisations

Tobeginwith

Forinstance

inconclusion

asarule

onthewhole

ingeneral

PartB

Now,gobacktotheessayonpage8andchooseanappropriatelinkingwordforeachspacemarked.

NowgotoTaskFive.

TaskFive:

VocabularyWork

Page6

PartA

Toavoidrepeatingvocabulary,theessayuseswordswhichareverycloseorsimilarinmeaning.Trytofindawordintheessaywhichhasasimilarmeaningtoeachofthewordsinthefirstcolumnandtypeitinthesecondcolumnbelow.

Word

Wordwithsameorsimilarmeaning

advantages

e.g.benefits,goodness,merits

standard

Level,quality

abroad

Overseas

adjust

Adapt

problems

Disadvantage,difficulties,obstacle

different

dissimilar

PartB

Whenusingvocabularyinyourwriting,itisimportanttochoosethecorrectwordform（orpartofspeech）.Thenextexercisewillhelpyouthinkaboutusingwordscorrectlyandisagoodwaytoincreaseyourvocabulary.

Inthechartbelow,therearesomemorewordsfromtheessay.Completethechart,addingnouns,verbs,adjectiveswhereappropriate.

Notallofthewordswillexistinallfourforms.Ifyouseealine（–）inthespace,itmeansthatthisformoftheworddoesnotexist.

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

e.g.（im）maturity

mature

（im）mature

（im）maturely

（in）tolerance

tolerate

tolerant

tolerantly

Significance

signify

significant

significantly

benefit

Benefit

beneficial

beneficially

validity

-

valid

validly

dependency

depend

independent

independently

Insufficiency

Suffice

insufficient

insufficiently

familiarity

familiarize

unfamiliar

unfamiliarly

Adaptation

adapt

adaptable