0702班庄金.docx

0702班庄金.docx

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0702班庄金

单位代码：

003

分类号：

G04

延安大学西安创新学院

本科毕业论文（设计）

（2011届）

题目：

英汉礼貌原则对比及其在跨文化交际

中的运用

专业名称：

英语

学生姓名：

庄金

学生学号：

学生班级：

指导教师：

0704014225

英语0702

卓欣莲

毕业时间：

二零一一年六月

ACOMPARATIVESTUDYBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESEPOLITENESSPRINCIPLESandtheirapplicationINCROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION

BY

ZhuangJin

ATHESIS

SUBMITTEDINPARTIAL

FULFILLMENTOFTHEREQUIREMENTS

FORTHEDEGREEOFBACHELOROFARTSTO

YAN’ANUNIVERSITY

JUNE2011

Abstract

Withthedevelopmentofpoliticsandeconomy,thecommunicationbetweendifferentcountrieshasbecomemoreandmorefrequent.Peoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsshowdifferentunderstandingsofpoliteness.Sometimeswhatoneconsiderstobepolitemaynotbetrueforanotherbecauseofculturaldifferences.Therefore,PolitenessPrincipleplaysacrucialroleincross-culturalcommunication.Inordertomaketheinteractiongoingonsmoothlyandsuccessfullyincross-culturalactivities,peoplehavetomastersomepolitenessprinciples.ThispaperfirstlydescribestheCo-operativePrinciple,whichwasputforwardbyGrice.TheCo-operativePrinciplerequiresthattheparticipantsinconversationshouldfollowthemaximsoftheCo-operativePrinciplesoastohavesuccessfulcommunication.However,byconsideringoftheappropriatenessanddegreeofpoliteness,peoplehavetoadheretosomepolitenessprinciples.Hence,thisarticlebrieflydescribesaChinesePolitenessPrinciplebyGuYueguoandanEnglishPolitenessPrinciplebyLeech.Bycomparingbetweenthesetwoprinciples,canpeoplerealizetheculturaldifferencessothattheycanchoosetheappropriatewordsincommunication.Aftercomparingthedifferencebetweenthem,andgivingsomeexamplesincross-culturalcommunication,theauthormakesabriefsummeryofhowtoimprovethecommunicativecompetence,whicharemainlyfocusesontheirdifferences.Inthatway,peoplecanimprovetheirabilityincross-culturalcommunication.

Keywords:

PolitenessPrinciple;cross-culturalcommunication;compare;

cultural-difference；

摘要

随着经济政治的发展，不同国家的交往也越来越频繁。

不同文化背景下，人们对礼貌的理解也有所差异。

在这一文化背景下被人们认为符合礼貌原则的事情，在另一文化背景下，人们可能很难接受。

因此，礼貌原则在跨文化交际中占有非常重要的地位。

为了保证交际的成功进行，人们必须掌握一些礼貌原则。

本文首先列出Grice提出的合作原则，即交际中的参与者一定要遵守合作原则，这样才能保证有效地交流。

但是考虑到言语的得体性与礼貌程度，人们不得不遵守一些礼貌原则。

本文简要阐述了顾曰国与Leech提出的两个礼貌原则，并对它们做了简要对比。

通过对比分析，最终得出一些文化差异，进而人们就可以选择恰当的语言在跨文化交际中进行交流。

通过这些文化差异的对比，以及列出一些跨文化交际中交际失败的例子，本文总结出一些如何提高交际能力的方法。

只有当意识到这些文化差异，才能确保我们在交际中使用得体和礼貌的语言，从而提高学生跨文化交际的能力。

关键词：

礼貌原则；跨文化交际；对比；文化差异

Tableofcontents

1.Introduction1

2.ThepropositionofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciples3

2.1.TheCo-operativePrinciple3

2.2.TheEnglishPolitenessPrinciple.4

2.3.TheChinesePolitenessPrinciple5

3.ThecomparisonbetweenPolitenessPrincipleinEnglishandChinese7

3.1.Thesimilaritiesofthesetwoprinciples7

3.2.Thedifferencesofthesetwoprinciples7

4.TheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication11

4.1.Sometypicalmisunderstandingsbecauseofinadequatecomprehension11

4.2.Reasonsofcausingthemisapprehension12

4.3.Importantpointsincultivatingcommunicativecompetenceincross-culturalcommunication13

4.4.ThesignificanceofusingPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication17

5.Conclusion18

Bibliography19

Acknowledgements20

Introduction

Politenessisthesymbolofcivilization,andalsoguidepeople’sbehaviors.Ineverydevelopmentofsociety,politenessplaysanimportantrole.Therefore,itisanindispensablepartincommunication.Itisacrucialpointtodeepentherelationshipbetweenotherpeople.Thegeneralmeaningof“polite”referstomoralityandethics.However,ithasspecialmeaninginpragmatics.

“Asauniversalphenomenon,politenessisobservedineverysociety.Itsmainfunctionsaremaintainingsocialorder;maintaininginterpersonalrelations;reducingconflictsandmisunderstandingsbymeansofpolitespeechactssoastoattaintheaimofcommunication”.[4]“InboththeEastandtheWestcultures,politenesshaslongbeenregardedasanindispensablepartoflanguage.Thereexistsawide-ranginguseofpolitenessprincipleandpolitenesslanguagesthathaveclearlydemonstratedpeople’sfondnessandimportanceofthisparticularlinguisticdevice.Also,inbothculturesofEnglishandChinese,politenesshasthesocialfunctionsinthesetwodifferentcultures,andcommonpolitelanguagesinthesetwoculturesarealsothesame,buttheyaredifferentinpracticaluse.Thesedifferencesoftenbecomethesourceofpragmaticfailuresininterculturalcommunication.”[4]

In1967,H.P.GriceputforwardtheCo-operativePrinciple.Co-operativePrinciple

requiresthatpeopleshouldfollowsomemaximsiftheywanttogetinformation.In

1983,LeechputforwardthePolitenessPrinciple,whichincludesTactMaxim,GenerosityMaxim,ApprobationMaxim,ModestyMaxim,AgreementMaximand

SympathyMaxim,wasaverynecessarysupplementtotheCo-operativePrinciple.ThisistheEnglishPolitenessPrincipleputforwardbywesterners.TherealsohavePolitenessPrincipleinChina.ChinesePolitenessPrincipleincludesRespectfulnessMaxim,AppellationMaxim,RefinementMaxim,ConsistencyMaxim,Virtue,SpeechandBehaviorMaxim.TheessentialdifferenceofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciplesisinfactthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturalbackground.BycomparingbetweenChineseandEnglishPolitenessPrinciple,whichareputforwardbyGuYueguoandLeechrespectively,thisarticleanalyzesthedifferenceintheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleincertaincontext,andsummarizethetheoreticalresearchanddevelopmentofPolitenessPrincipleincross-culturalcommunication.Bycomparingthem,peoplecanhaveagoodknowledgeofculturaldifferencesbetweenthemsothattheycanuseinrealcross-culturalcommunication.

Also,thispaperhighlightstheirimportanceandsignificanceincurrentsociety.Nowadays,cross-culturalcommunicationisunceasinglychangingandbecomingricher.TheapplicationofPolitenessPrincipleiskeepingimproving.Inordertoimproveone’sabilityincross-culturalcommunicationandgetthebesteffect,tomasterthekeypointsofthesetwoPolitenessPrinciplesisofgreatsignificance.Thekeypointsaresummarizedaccordingtotheirculturaldifferences.Therefore,whenpeoplecommunicatewithforeigners,theyshouldbeawareoftheirdifferencesinthefirstplace.

PolitenessPrincipleplaysanindispensibleroleincross-culturalcommunication.Therearemanyfailingcasesincross-culturalactivitiesduetolackingofcross-cultureandPolitenessPrinciple.Hence,ifspeakersmasterthePolitenessPrinciplebetweenChineseandEnglish,andtheirculturaldifferencesbetweenthem,itwillbeeasyforthemtohaveasuccessfulcommunicationincross-cultureactivities.

ThepropositionofEnglishandChinesePolitenessPrinciples

Therearefrequentcontactsbetweencountrieswiththedevelopmentoftheworld.Therefore,thecommunicationwithothercountriesisunavoidable.Peoplehavetofollowsomerulesincommunicationiftheywanttogetinformationfromothers.Thefollowingprincipleisthebasiconepeoplehavetofollowiftheywanttogetasuccessfulcommunication.

2.1.TheCo-operativePrinciple

H.P.Grice,theAmericanphilosopher,holdsthat,inmostconversationalexchanges,allspeakers,regardlessoftheirculturalbackground,mustfirstofallbewillingtocooperatewitheachotherandadheretoabasicprincipleguidingtheconductofconversation;otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.ThisgeneralprinciplealltheparticipantsobserveintalkexchangeiscalledtheCo-operativePrinciple.GriceformulatestheCo-operativePrincipleanditsmaximsasfollows:

A.TheMaximsofQuantity:

Givetherightamountofinformation.

a.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.

b.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

B.TheMaximofQuality:

Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.

a.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

b.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

C.TheMaximsofRelation:

Berelevant.

Makeyourcontributionrelevant.

D.TheMaximofManner:

Beperspicuous.

a.Avoidobscurityofexpression.

b.Avoidambiguity.

b.Bebrief（avoidunnecessaryprolixity）

d.Beorderly.

Whenpeoplespeak,theygenerallyhavesomethinglikeCo-operativePrincipleanditsmaximstoguidethem.Theymusttrytosaysomethingthataretrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Hearerswillalsotrytointerpretwhatissaidtotheminthisway.

2.2.TheEnglishPolitenessPrinciple.

BasedontheobservationsofCo-operativePrinciple,G.LeechproposesthepolitenessprincipleasasupplementtoCo-operativePrinciple.LeechsaysthattheCooperativePrincipleregulateswhatwesaysothatitcontributestosomeassumedillocutionarygoals;whilethepolitenessprinciplehelpstomaintainthefriendlyrelationswhichenableustoassumethatourinterlocutorsarecooperativeinthefirstplace.Leechformulateshispolitenessprincipleandhismaximsasfollows:

A.TactMaxim

a.Minimizecosttoothers;

b.Maximizebenefittoothers.

B.GenerosityMaxim.

a.Minimizebenefittoself;

b.Maximizecosttoself.

C.ApprobationMaxim.

a.Minimizedispraiseofothers;

b.Maximizepraiseofother.

D.ModestyMaxim.

a.Minimizepraiseofself;

b.Maximizedispraiseofself.

E.AgreementMaxim.

a.Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothers;

b.Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothers.

F.SympathyMaxim.

a.Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothers;

b.Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothers

Thesemaximscanhelp