道德经中英对比.docx

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道德经中英对比.docx

道德经中英对比

《道德经》中英文对照版

  第一章:

道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名。

无名,天地之始;有名,万物之母。

故常无欲,以观其妙;常有欲,以观其徼。

此两者,同出而异名,同谓之玄。

玄之又玄,众妙之门。

  TheWaythatcanbetoldofisnotanUnvaryingWay;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromtheNamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,‘OnlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseetheSecretEssences’;HethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheOutcomes.Thesetwothingsissuedfromthesamemould,butneverthelessaredifferentinname.This‘samemould’wecanbutcalltheMystery,Orratherthe‘DarkerthananyMystery’,TheDoorwaywhenceissuedallSecretEssences.

  第二章:

天下皆知美之为美,斯恶已;皆知善之为善,斯不善已。

故有无相生,难易相成,长短相形,高下相倾,音声相和,前后相随。

是以圣人处无为之事,行不言之教,万物作焉而不辞,生而不有,为而不恃,功成而弗居。

夫唯弗居,是以不去。

  ItisbecauseeveryoneunderHeavenrecognizesbeautyasbeauty,thattheideaofuglinessexists.Andequallyifeveryonerecognizedvirtueasvirtue,thiswouldmerelycreatefreshconceptionsofwickedness.Fortruly‘BeingandNot-beinggrowoutofoneanother;Difficultandeasycompleteoneanother.Longandshorttestoneanother;Highandlowdetermineoneanother.Pitchandmodegiveharmonytooneanother.Frontandbackgivesequencetooneanother’。

Therefore[1]theSagereliesonactionlessactivity,Carriesonwordlessteaching,Butthemyriadcreaturesareworkeduponbyhim;hedoesnotdisownthem.Herearsthem,butdoesnotlayclaimtothem,Controlsthem,butdoesnotleanuponthem,Achieveshisaim,butdoesnotcallattention[2]towhathedoes;AndfortheveryreasonthathedoesnotcallattentiontowhathedoesHeisnotejectedfromfruitionofwhathehasdone.[1]Because‘action’canonlymakeonethinghighattheexpenseofmakingsomethingelselow,etc.[2]Literally,‘doesnotplace(i.e.classify)himselfasavictor’。

cf.MenciusⅡ,Ⅰ;

  第三章:

不尚贤,使民不争;不贵难得之货,使民不为盗;不见可欲,使民心不乱。

是以圣人之治,虚其心,实其腹;弱其志,强其骨。

常使民无知无欲,使夫智不敢为也。

为无为,则无不治。

  Ifwestoplookingfor‘personsofsuperiormorality’(hsien)toputinpower,therewillbenomorejealousiesamongthepeople.Ifweceasetosetstorebyproductsthatarehardtoget,therewillbenomorethieves.Ifthepeopleneverseesuchthingsasexcitedesire,theirheartswillremainplacidandundisturbed.ThereforetheSagerulesByemptyingtheirheartsAndfillingtheirbellies,Weakeningtheirintelligence[1]

  AndtougheningtheirsinewsEverstrivingtomakethepeopleknowledgelessanddesireless.Indeedheseestoitthatiftherebeanywhohaveknowledge,theydarenotinterfere.Yetthroughhisactionlessactivityallthingsaredulyregulated.[1]Particularlyinthesenseof‘havingideasofone’sown‘。

  第四章:

道冲而用之,或不盈。

渊兮,似万物之宗。

(挫其锐,解其纷,和其光,同其尘。

)湛兮,似或存。

吾不知谁之子,象帝之先。

  TheWayislikeanemptyvesselThatyetmaybedrawnfromWithouteverneedingtobefilled.Itisbottomless;theveryprogenitorofallthingsintheworld.Initallsharpnessisblunted,Alltanglesuntied,Allglaretempered,Alldust[1]smoothed.Itislikeadeeppoolthatneverdries.Wasittoothechildofsomethingelse?

Wecannottell.Butasasubstancelessimage[2]itexistedbeforetheAncestor.[3]

  [1]DustistheTaoistsymbolforthenoiseandfussofeverydaylife.[2]Ahsiang,animagesuchasthementalimagesthatfloatbeforeuswhenwethink.[3]TheAncestorinquestionisalmostcertainlytheYellowAncestorwhoseparatedEarthfromHeavenandsodestroyedthePrimalUnity,forwhichheisfrequentlycensuredisChuangTzu.

  第五章:

天地不仁,以万物为刍狗;圣人不仁,以百姓为刍狗。

天地之间,其犹橐籥乎!

虚而不屈,动而愈出。

多言数穷,不如守中。

  HeavenandEarthareruthless;TothemtheTenThousandThingsarebutasstrawdogs.TheSagetooisruthless;Tohimthepeoplearebutasstrawdogs.Yet[1]HeavenandEarthandallthatliesbetweenIslikeabellowsInthatitisempty,butgivesasupplythatneverfails.Workit,andmorecomesout.Whereastheforceofwords[2]issoonspent.Farbetterisittokeepwhatisintheheart[3].[1]Thoughruthlessnatureisperpetuallybounteous.[2]Lawsandproclamations.[3]Forchungas‘whatiswithintheheart’,seeTsoChuan,YinKung3rdyearandKuanTzu,37,beginning.ThecomparisonofHeavenandEarthtoabellowsisalsofoundinKuanTzu(P‘ien11,beginning)。

  第六章:

谷神不死,是谓玄牝。

玄牝之门,是谓天地根。

绵绵若存,用之不勤。

  TheValleySpiritneverdies.ItisnamedtheMysteriousFemale.AndtheDoorwayoftheMysteriousFemaleIsthebasefromwhichHeavenandEarthsprang.Itistherewithinusallthewhile;Drawuponitasyouwill,itneverrunsdry.[1]

  [1]LiehTzuquotestheselinesascomingfromtheBookoftheYellowAncestor;butitdoesnotfollowthattheTaoChingisactuallyquothingthemfromthissource.TheymaybelongtothegeneralstockofearlyTaoistrhymedteaching.Forch‘incomparebelow,Chapter52,line9,andHuai-nanTzuI,fol.2.

  第七章:

天长地久,天地所以能长且久者,以其不自生,故能长生。

是以圣人后其身而身先,外其身而身存。

非以其无私邪?

故能成其私。

  Heaveniseternal,theEarthEverlasting.Howcometheytobeso?

Isitbecausetheydonotfostertheirownlives;Thatiswhytheylivesolong.ThereforetheSagePutshimselfinthebackground;butisalwaystothefore.Remainsoutside;butisalwaysthere.IsitnotjustbecausehedoesnotstriveforanypersonalendThatallhispersonalendsarefulfilled?

  第八章:

上善若水,水善利万物而不争。

处众人之所恶,故几于道。

居善地,心善渊,与善仁,言善信,正善治,事善能,动善时。

夫唯不争,故无尤。

  Thehighestgoodislikethatofwater.Thegoodnessofwateristhatitbenefitsthetenthousandcreatures;yetitselfdoesnotscramble,butiscontentwiththeplacesthatallmendisdain.ItisthisthatmakeswatersoneartotheWay.Andifmenthinkthegroundthebestplaceforbuildingahouseupon,Ifamongthoughtstheyvaluethosethatareprofound,Ifinfriendshiptheyvaluegentleness,Inwords,truth;ingovernment,goodorder;Indeeds,effectiveness;inactions,timeliness-Ineachcaseitisbecausetheypreferwhatdoesnotleadtostrife,[1]Andthereforedoesnotgoamiss.[1]EvenordinarypeoplerealizetheimportanceoftheTaoistprincipleof‘water-like’behaviour,i.e.notstrivingtogetontoportothefore.

  第九章:

持而盈之,不如其已;揣而锐之,不可长保。

金玉满堂,莫之能守。

富贵而骄,自遗其咎。

功遂身退,天之道也!

  Stretchabow[1]totheveryfull,Andyouwillwishyouhadstoppedintime;Temperasword-edgetoitsverysharpest,AndyouwillfinditsoongrowsdullWhenbronzeandjadefillyourhallItcannolongerbeguarded.WealthandplacebreedinsolenceThatbringsruininitstrain.Whenyourworkisdone,thenwithdraw!

SuchisHeaven‘s[2]Way.[1]theexpressionusedcanalsoapplytofillingavesseltothebrim;but’stretchingabow‘makesabetterparallelto’sharpeningasword‘。

  [2]asopposedtotheWayofman老子:

「道德经」:

第十章

  载营魄抱一,能无离乎。

  专气致柔,能如婴儿乎。

  涤除玄鉴,能如疵乎。

  爱国治民,能无为乎。

  天门开阖,能为雌乎。

  明白四达,能无知乎。

  Chapter10

  Whentheintelligentandanimalsoulsareheldtogetherinoneembrace,theycanbekeptfromseparating.Whenonegivesundividedattentiontothe(vital)breath,andbringsittotheutmostdegreeofpliancy,hecanbecomeasa(tender)babe.Whenhehascleansedawaythemostmysterioussights(ofhisimagination),hecanbecomewithoutaflaw.

  Inlovingthepeopleandrulingthestate,cannotheproceedwithoutany(purposeof)action?

Intheopeningandshuttingofhisgatesofheaven,cannothedosoasafemalebird?

Whilehisintelligencereachesineverydirection,cannothe(appearto)bewithoutknowledge?

  (TheTao)produces(allthings)andnourishesthem;itproducesthemanddoesnotclaimthemasitsown;itdoesall,andyetdoesnotboastofit;itpresidesoverall,andyetdoesnotcontrolthem.Thisiswhatiscalled‘ThemysteriousQuality’(oftheTao)。

  ——

  老子:

「道德经」:

第十一章

  三十辐,共一毂,当其无,有车之用。

  埏埴以为器,当其无,有器之用。

  凿户牖以为室,当其无,有室之用。

  故有之以为利,无之以为用。

  Chapter11

  Thethirtyspokesuniteintheonenave;butitisontheemptyspace(fortheaxle),thattheuseofthewheeldepends.Clayisfashionedintovessels;butitisontheiremptyhollowness,thattheirusedepends.Thedoorandwindowsarecutout(fromthewalls)

  toformanapartment;butitisontheemptyspace(within),thatitsusedepends.Therefore,whathasa(positive)existenceservesforprofitableadaptation,andwhathasnotthatfor(actual)usefulness.

  ——

  老子:

「道德经」:

第十二章

  五色令人目盲﹔五音令人耳聋﹔五味令人口爽﹔

  驰骋畋猎,令人心发狂﹔难得之货,令人行妨。

  是以圣人为腹不为目,故去彼取此Chapter12

  Colour‘sfivehuesfromth’eyestheirsightwilltake;

  Music‘sfivenotestheearsasdeafcanmake;

  Theflavoursfivedeprivethemouthoftaste;

  Thechariotcourse,andthewildhuntingwasteMakemadthemind;andobjectsrareandstrange,Soughtfor,men‘sconductwilltoevilchange.

  Thereforethesageseekstosatisfy(thecravingof)thebelly,andnotthe(insatiablelongingofthe)eyes.Heputsfromhimthelatter,andpreferstoseektheformer.

  ——

  老子:

「道德经」:

第十三章

  宠辱若惊,贵大患若身。

  何谓宠辱若惊。

  宠为下,得之若惊,失之若惊,是谓宠辱若惊。

  何谓贵大患若身。

  吾所以有大患者,为吾有身,

  及吾无身,吾有何患。

  故贵以身为天下,若可寄天下﹔

  爱以身为天下,若可托天下。

  Chapter13

  Favouranddisgracewouldseemequallytobefeared;honourandgreatcalamity,toberegardedaspersonalconditions(ofthesamekind)。

  Whatismeantbyspeakingthusoffavouranddisgrace?

Disgraceisbeinginalowposition(aftertheenjoymentoffavour)。

Thegettingthat(favour)leadstotheapprehension(oflosingit),andthelosingitleadstothefearof(stillgreatercalamity):

——thisiswhatismeantbysayingthatfavouranddisgracewouldseemequallytobefeared.

  Andwhatismeantbysayingthathonourandgreatcalamityaretobe(similarly)regardedaspersonalconditions?

Whatmakesmeliabletogreatcalamityismyhavingthebody(whichIcallmyself);ifIhadnotthebody,whatgreatcalamitycouldcometome?

  Thereforehewhowouldadministerthekingdom,honouringitashehonourshisownperson,maybeemployedtogovernit,andhewhowouldadministeritwiththelovewhichhebearstohisownpersonmaybeentrustedwithit.

  ——

  老子:

「道德经」:

第十四章

  视之不见,名曰夷﹔

  听之不闻,名曰希﹔

  搏之不得,名

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