职称考试C级阅读判断.docx

职称考试C级阅读判断.docx

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职称考试C级阅读判断

阅读判断

第一篇InventorofLED

WhenNickHolonyaksetouttocreateanewkindofvisiblelightingusingsemiconductoralloys,hiscolleaguesthoughthewasunrealistic.Today,hisdiscoveryoflight-emittingdiodes,orLEDs,aeusedineverythingfromDVDstoalarmclockstoairports.Dozensofhisstudentshavecontinuedhiswork,developinglightingusedintrafficlightsandothereverydaytechnology.

OnApril23,2004,Holonyakreceivedthe$500,000Lemelson-MITPrizeataceremonyinWashington.Thismarksthe10thyearthattheLemelson-MITProgramattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）hasgiventheawardtoprominentinventors.

“Anytimeyougetanaward,bigorlittle,it’salwaysasurprise,”Holonyaksaid.

Holonyak,75,wasastudentofJohnBardeen,aninventorofthetransistor,intheearly1950s.Aftergraduateschool,HolonyakworkedatBellLabs.HelaterwenttoGeneralElectric,whereheinventedaswitchnowwidelyusedinhousedimmerswitches.

Later,Holonyakstartedlookingintohowsemiconductorscouldbeusedtogeneratelight,Butwhilehiscolleagueswerelookingathowtogenerateinvisiblelight,hewantedtogeneratevisiblelight.TheLEDsheinventedin1962nowlastabout10timeslongerthanincandescentbulbs,andaremoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandcosteffective.

Holonyak,nowaprofessorofelectricalandcomputerengineeringandphysicsattheUniversityofIllinois,saidhesuspectedthatLEDswouldbecomeascommonplaceastheyaretoday,butdidn’trealizehowmanyusestheywouldhave.

“Youdon’tknowinthebeginning.Youthinkyou’redoingsomethingimportant,youthinkit’sworthdoing,butyoureallycan’ttellwhatthebigpayoffisgoingtobe,andwhen,andhow,Youjustdon’tknow,”hesaid.

TheLemelson-MITProgramalsorecognizedEdithFlanigen.75.withthe$100,000Lemelson-MITLifetimeAchievementAwardforheworkonanewgenerationof“molecularsieves.”thatcanseparatemoleculesbysize.

练习

1.Holonyak’scolleaguesthoughthewouldfailinhisresearchonLEDsatthetimewhenhestartedit.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

2.HolonyakbelievedthathisstudentsthatwereworkingwithhimontheprojectwouldgettheLemelsonMITPrizesoonerorlater.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

3.Holonyakwastheinventorofthetransistorintheearly1950s.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

4.HolonyakbelievedthatLEDswouldbecomeverypopularinthefuture.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

5.Holonyaksaidthatyoushouldnotdoanythingyouarenotinterestedin.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

6.EdithFlanigenistheonlyco-inventorofLEDs.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

7.TheLemelson-MITPrizehasahistoryofover100years.

A.rightB.wrongC.Notmentioned

第二篇ElNino

　　WhilesomeforecastingmethodshadlimitedSUCCESSpredictingthe1997E1Ninoafewmonthsinadvance，theColumbiaUniversityresearcherssaytheirmethodcallpredictlargeE1Ninoeventsuptotwoyearsinadvance.Thatwouldbegoodnewsforgovernments，farmersandothersseekingtoplanforthedroughtsandheavyrainfallthatElNinocanproduceinvariouspartsoftheworld.

　　Usingacomputertheresearchersmatchedsea-surfacetemperaturestolaterElNinooccurrencesbetween1980and2000andwerethenabletoanticipateE1Ninoeventsdatingbackto1857,usingpriorsea-surfacetemperatures.TheresultswerereportedinthelatestissueofthejournalNature.

　　Theresearcherssaytheirmethodisnotperfect,butBryanC.Weare.ameteorologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis，whowasnotinvolvedinthework，saidit“suggests‘E1Ninoisindeedpredictable.”

　　“Thiswillprobablyconvinceotherstosearcharoundmoreforevenbettermethods.”saidWeare.Headdedthatthenewmethod“makesitpossibletopredictElNinoat1ongleadtimes.”Othermodelsalsousesea-surfacetemperatures,buttheyhavenotlookedasfarbackbecausetheyneedotherdata，whichisonlyavailableforrecentdecades，Wearesaid.

　　TheabilitytopredictthewarmingandcoolingofthePaciticisofimmenseimportance’.The1997ElNino，forexample，causedanestimated$20billionindamageworldwide，offsetbybeneficialeffectsinotherareas，saidDavidAnderson，oftheEuropeanCentreforMedium.RangeWeatherForecastsinReadingEngland.The1877ElNino，meanwhile，coincidedwithafailureoftheIndianmonsoonandafaminethatkilledperhaps40millioninIndiaandChina。

promptingthedevelopmentofseasonalforecasting，Andersonsaid.

　　WhenElNinohitin1991and1997.200millionpeoplewereaffectedbyfloodinginChinaalone.accordingtoa2002UnitedNationsreport.

　　WhilepredictingsmallerE1Ninoeventsremainstricky.theabilitytopredictlargeronesshouldbeincreasedtoatleastayearifthenewmethodisconfirmed.

　　E1NinotendstodevelopbetweenAprilandJuneandreachesitspeakbetweenDecemberandFebruary.Thewarmingtendstolastbetween9and12monthsandoccurseverytwotosevenyears?

　　ThenewforecastingmethoddoesnotpredictanymajorElNinoeventsinthenexttwoyears,althoughaweakwarmingtowardtheendofthisyearispossible.

　　练习：

　1.ThemethodusedbytheColumbiaUniversityresearcherscanpredictE1Ninoafewmonthsinadvance.

　　A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

　2.TheColumbiaUniversityresearchersstudiedtherelationshipbetweenthepastEINinooccurrencesandsea—surfacetemperatures.

　　A.Right　B.WrongC.Notmentioned

　3.TheColumbiaUniversityresearchersarethefirsttousesea-surfacetemperaturestomatchthepastEINinooccurrences.

　　A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

　4.Weare’scontributioninpredictingE1Nino，washighlypraisedbyothermeteorologists.

　　A.RightB.Wrong　C.Notmentioned

　5.AccordingtoaChinesereport，thefloodinginChinacausedbyE1Ninoin1991and1997affected200millionChinesepeople.

　　A.rightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

　6.IttakesabouteightmonthsforElNinotoreachitspeak.

　　A.rightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

　7.AspecialinstitutehasbeensetupinAmericatostudyE1Nino.

　　A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第三篇Smoking

Since1939,numerousstudieshavebeenconductedtodeterminewhethersmokingisaealthhazard.Thetrendoftheevidencehasbeenconsistentandindicatesthatthereisaserioushealthrisk.Researchteamshaveconductedstudiesthatshowbeyondallreasonabledoubtthattobaccosmokingisassociatedwithashortenedlifeexpectancy1.

Cigarettesmokingisbelievedbymostresearchworkersinthisfieldtobeanimportant

actorinthedevelopmentofcancerofthelungsandcancerofthethroatandisbelievedtoberelatedtocancerofsomeotherorgansofthebody.Malecigarettesmokershaveahigherdeathratefromheartdiseasethannon-smokingmales.Femalesmokersarethoughttobelessaffectedbecausetheydonotbreatheinthesmokesodeeply.

Apartfromstatistics,itmightbehelpfultolookatwhattobaccodoestothe

humanbody.Smokeisamixtureofgases,vaporizedchemicals,minuteparticlesofashand

othersolids.Thereisalsonicotine,whichispowerfulpoison,andblacktar.Assmokeisbreathedin,allthosecomponentsfromdepositsonthemembranesofthelungs.Onepointofconcentrationiswheretheairtubeandbronchusdivides.Mostlungcancerbeginsatthispoint.

Filtersandlowtartobacco2areclaimedtomakesmokingtosomeextentsafer,buttheycanonlyslightlyreduce,noteliminatethehazards.

1.Itiseasytodeterminewhethersmokingishazardous.（一段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.Smokingreducesone’slifeexpectancy.（一段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

3.Smokingmayinducelungcancer.（二段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.Thereisevidencethatsmokingisresponsibleforbreastcancer.（无）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.Malesmokershavealowerdeathratefromheartdiseasethanfemalesmokers（二段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.Nicotineispoisonous.（三段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

7.Filtersandlowtartobaccomakesmokingsafer.（四段）

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第四篇Engineeringethics

Engineeringethicsisattractingincreasinginterestinengineeringuniversitiesthroughoutthenation.AtTexasA&MUniversity，evidenceofthisinterestinprofessionalethicsculminatedinthecreationofanewcourseinengineeringethics，aswellasaprojectfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationtodevelopmaterialforintroducingethicalissuesinrequiredundergraduateengineeringcourses.AsmallgroupoffacultyandadministratorsactivelysupportedthegrowingeffortatTexasA&M，yetthisgroupmustnowexpandtomeettheneedsofincreasingnumbersofstudentswishingtolearnmoreaboutthevalueimplicationsoftheiractionsasprofessionalengineers.

　　Theincreasingconcernforthevaluedimensionofengineeringis，atleastinpart，aresultoftheattentionthatthemediahasgiventocasessuchastheChallengerdisaster，theKansasCityHyatt-RegencyHotelwalkwaysco11apse，andtheExxonoilspill.Asaresponsetthisconcern，anewdiscipline，engineeringethics，isemerging.Thisdisciplinewilldoubtlesstakeitsplacealongsidesuchwell-establishedfieldsasmedicalethics，businessethics，andlegalethics.

　　Theproblempresentedbythisdevelopmentisthatmostengineeringprofessorsarenotpreparedtointroduceliteratureinengineeringethicsintotheirclassrooms.Theyaremostcomfortablewithquantitativeconceptsandoftendonotbelievetheyarequalifiedtoleadclassdiscussionsonethics.Manyengineeringfacultymembersdonotthinkthattheyhavethetimeinanalreadyovercrowdedsyllabustointroducediscussionsonprofessionalethics，orthetimeintheirownschedulestopreparethenecessarymaterial.Hopefully，theresourcespresentedhereinwil