跨文化交际期末.docx

跨文化交际期末.docx

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跨文化交际期末

跨文化交际期末

定义题

1.Whatis“interculturalcommunication”P6

refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.

TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."

2.WhatisacultureP13

Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.

Culture:

canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.

Culture:

alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople

3.Whatarestereotypes?

P13

4.

Stereotypesmeansverybroadgeneralizationssuchas“Britishpeoplearepolite,”“Americansarefriendly”,andsoforth.

Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.

5.Whatdoes“interpretation”means?

P24

6.

Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Forexample,whenXiaoLitriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,sheis“interpreting”hisbehavior.

7.Individualistp32

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.

8.CollectivistP32

Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups（families,workunits,tribes,nations）,andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.

9.Whatis“hierarchy”P50

10.

Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.

11.Whatis“cultureshock”P58

12.

“Cultureshock”isoftenusedtodescribewhathappenswheneverapersonencountersaculturedifferentfromhisorherown.ThetermcultureshockdescribeswhathappenswhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB,andneedstoadapttolifethere.

Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.

13.LowcontextP66

Thewaytocommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect.Inotherwords,peopletendtoputmostofheirideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.It’sgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“getthepoint”and“saywhatyoumean”,anditislargelythespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand.

14.HighcontextP66

Highcontextismoreindirectandsubtleandlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Peopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandwhenpeopleinterpretwhatothersmean,theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Infact,peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.

15.Whatis“projectedculturalsimilarity”P74

16.

Projectedculturalsimilarityisaphenomenonwhichisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".

17.“Loose”culturesP83

“Loose”culturedonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Ofcourse,suchcultureshavesomeconsensusonwhatisandisnotconsideredappropriatebehavior,buttheconsensusisnotverystrongandthereisoftenmuchdisagreement.Peopleinlooseculturesalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.

13.“Tight”culturesP83

Tightculturesexpectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehavior,andthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.

14.Whatis“ethnocentrism”P93

15.

"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldinotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact.

16.Whatare“in-groups”and“out-groups”P107

17.

In-Groups:

“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.

Out-groups:

outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Towardoutsiders,wetendtobemorecritical,suspicious,andwillingtopassharshjudgments.

18.Collectivistcultures

Collectivistgenerallyhaveahighsenseofloyaltyandobligationtotheirin-groups,andwilloftengotogreatlengthstohelppeopletheyconsidermembersoftheirin-groups.However,theyfeellessobligationtooutsiders.Themaindistinctionpeopleusuallymakeisbetween“us”and“them”.

19.IndividualistwesternculturesP114

Whileindividualistwesternersalsotreatoutsidersdifferentlyfrommembersoftheirout-groups,thedifferenceisgenerallynotsogreat;forexample,individualistsgenerallyassistmembersoftheirin-groupsasmuchascollectivistswould,buttheymayoffermoreassistancetooutsidersthancollectivistswould.Themaindistinctionpeopleusuallymakeisbetween“me”and“others”.

20.Whatare“warstories”P125

21.

Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.Warstoriesnaturallytendtobebiasedagainstoutsiders,sotheytendtoreinforcenegativeviewstowardforeigners.What’smore,negativeviewsbasedonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenusedasevidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.

22.WhatisgivingthebenefitofthedoubtP142

Whenyouencounteraforeignerwhosebehaviorseemsunusualorhardtounderstand,youshouldkeepanopenmindandtrytodelayorsuspendinterpretation.Givingthebenefitofthedoubtislesslikelytocauseustothinkoractinwaysthatwillunnecessarilydamageourrelationshipswithforeigners.

简答题（定义+评论）

1.Whataretheproblemsininterculturalcommunication/WhyisitsohardtocommunicatewithforeignersP9

refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Learnaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."

Partoftheproblemisthattherearemanydifferentlanguages,soitisveryhardtocommunicatewithforeigners.Also,culturesaredifferentandit’sdifficultforforeignerstounderstandwhystudentsactedastheydid.Anotherpartoftheproblemisthewayforeignershandletheinterculturalcommunication.WhenChinesedoorsaythingsthatseemstrangetothem,foreignerstendtojumptoconclusionsandtheyaremorelikelytojumptonegativeconclusionsinsteadofconsideringotherpossibleexplanationsfortheChinesestudents’behavior.

2.WhatarethecharacteristicsofChinesecultureP17

定义“culture”

1.collectivism----------emphasi