跨文化交际期末.docx
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跨文化交际期末
跨文化交际期末
定义题
1.Whatis“interculturalcommunication”P6
refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.
TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."
2.WhatisacultureP13
Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.
Culture:
canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.
Culture:
alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople
3.Whatarestereotypes?
P13
4.
Stereotypesmeansverybroadgeneralizationssuchas“Britishpeoplearepolite,”“Americansarefriendly”,andsoforth.
Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.
5.Whatdoes“interpretation”means?
P24
6.
Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Forexample,whenXiaoLitriestounderstandwhythetaxidriveraskedforsomuchmoney,sheis“interpreting”hisbehavior.
7.Individualistp32
Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.
8.CollectivistP32
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.
9.Whatis“hierarchy”P50
10.
Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.
11.Whatis“cultureshock”P58
12.
“Cultureshock”isoftenusedtodescribewhathappenswheneverapersonencountersaculturedifferentfromhisorherown.ThetermcultureshockdescribeswhathappenswhenasojournerfromcultureAgoestoliveincultureB,andneedstoadapttolifethere.
Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
13.LowcontextP66
Thewaytocommunicatetendstoberelativelyexplicitanddirect.Inotherwords,peopletendtoputmostofheirideasandfeelingsplainlyandopenly.It’sgenerallyconsideredagoodthingto“getthepoint”and“saywhatyoumean”,anditislargelythespeaker’sresponsibilitytoensurethathis/hermessageisstatedinawaythatisclearandeasytounderstand.
14.HighcontextP66
Highcontextismoreindirectandsubtleandlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Peopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandwhenpeopleinterpretwhatothersmean,theyoftengivemoreweighttothecontextthantotheactualwordssaid.Infact,peopleinhighcontextculturesoftenviewdirect,explicitcommunicationasunsophisticatedorevenrude.
15.Whatis“projectedculturalsimilarity”P74
16.
Projectedculturalsimilarityisaphenomenonwhichisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".
17.“Loose”culturesP83
“Loose”culturedonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Ofcourse,suchcultureshavesomeconsensusonwhatisandisnotconsideredappropriatebehavior,buttheconsensusisnotverystrongandthereisoftenmuchdisagreement.Peopleinlooseculturesalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.
13.“Tight”culturesP83
Tightculturesexpectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehavior,andthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.
14.Whatis“ethnocentrism”P93
15.
"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldinotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact.
16.Whatare“in-groups”and“out-groups”P107
17.
In-Groups:
“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.
Out-groups:
outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Towardoutsiders,wetendtobemorecritical,suspicious,andwillingtopassharshjudgments.
18.Collectivistcultures
Collectivistgenerallyhaveahighsenseofloyaltyandobligationtotheirin-groups,andwilloftengotogreatlengthstohelppeopletheyconsidermembersoftheirin-groups.However,theyfeellessobligationtooutsiders.Themaindistinctionpeopleusuallymakeisbetween“us”and“them”.
19.IndividualistwesternculturesP114
Whileindividualistwesternersalsotreatoutsidersdifferentlyfrommembersoftheirout-groups,thedifferenceisgenerallynotsogreat;forexample,individualistsgenerallyassistmembersoftheirin-groupsasmuchascollectivistswould,buttheymayoffermoreassistancetooutsidersthancollectivistswould.Themaindistinctionpeopleusuallymakeisbetween“me”and“others”.
20.Whatare“warstories”P125
21.
Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.Warstoriesnaturallytendtobebiasedagainstoutsiders,sotheytendtoreinforcenegativeviewstowardforeigners.What’smore,negativeviewsbasedonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenusedasevidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.
22.WhatisgivingthebenefitofthedoubtP142
Whenyouencounteraforeignerwhosebehaviorseemsunusualorhardtounderstand,youshouldkeepanopenmindandtrytodelayorsuspendinterpretation.Givingthebenefitofthedoubtislesslikelytocauseustothinkoractinwaysthatwillunnecessarilydamageourrelationshipswithforeigners.
简答题(定义+评论)
1.Whataretheproblemsininterculturalcommunication/WhyisitsohardtocommunicatewithforeignersP9
refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Learnaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."
Partoftheproblemisthattherearemanydifferentlanguages,soitisveryhardtocommunicatewithforeigners.Also,culturesaredifferentandit’sdifficultforforeignerstounderstandwhystudentsactedastheydid.Anotherpartoftheproblemisthewayforeignershandletheinterculturalcommunication.WhenChinesedoorsaythingsthatseemstrangetothem,foreignerstendtojumptoconclusionsandtheyaremorelikelytojumptonegativeconclusionsinsteadofconsideringotherpossibleexplanationsfortheChinesestudents’behavior.
2.WhatarethecharacteristicsofChinesecultureP17
定义“culture”
1.collectivism----------emphasi