跨文化交际期末.docx

1、跨文化交际期末跨文化交际期末定义题1. What is “intercultural communication” P6refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. Fi

2、rst, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communi

3、cate with each other in other words, intercultural communication. 2. What is a culture P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture

4、. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people3. What are stereotypes?P134. Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,” “Americans are friendly”, and so forth.

5、It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a peo

6、ples culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.5. What does “interpretation” means?P246. A very important aspect of inte

7、rcultural communication is “interpretation”, the process of deciding what foreigners words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.7. Individualist p32Individualist cu

8、lture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts the

9、y have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.8. Collectivist P32Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (

10、families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including Chinas, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of,

11、and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.9. What is “hierarchy”P5010. Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy

12、to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. 11. What is “culture shock”P5812. “Culture shock” is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters

13、a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there. The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “cultu

14、re shock”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. F

15、oreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries. 13. Low context P66 The way to communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, people tend to put most of heir ideas and feelings plainly and openly. Its generally consi

16、dered a good thing to “get the point” and “say what you mean”, and it is largely the speakers responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.14. High context P66High context is more indirect and subtle and listeners are expected to take more res

17、ponsibility for interpreting messages correctly. People are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. In fact, people in high context cultures

18、often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.15. What is “projected cultural similarity” P7416. Projected cultural similarity is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words,

19、 we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, inside we are all more or less the same. 17. “Loose” cultures P83“Loose” culture do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views

20、 as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does

21、 not conform to cultural norms.13. “Tight” cultures P83Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.14. What is “ethnocentrism” P9315.

22、 Ethnocentrism is the tendency to think of ones own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that ones own cultures way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.16. What are “in-groups” and “out-gro

23、ups” P10717. In-Groups: “In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. Out-groups: out groups

24、 are those groups of people who we do not identify with-people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments.18. Collectivist cultures Collectivist generally have a high sense of loyalty and obl

25、igation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups. However, they feel less obligation to outsiders. The main distinction people usually make is between “us” and “them”.19. Individualist western cultures P114While individualist west

26、erners also treat outsiders differently from members of their out-groups, the difference is generally not so great; for example, individualists generally assist members of their in-groups as much as collectivists would, but they may offer more assistance to outsiders than collectivists would. The ma

27、in distinction people usually make is between “me” and “others”.20. What are “war stories” P12521. The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or s

28、tressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsiders, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. Whats more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to

29、draw conclusions about foreigners in general.22. What is giving the benefit of the doubt P142 When you encounter a foreigner whose behavior seems unusual or hard to understand, you should keep an open mind and try to delay or suspend interpretation. Giving the benefit of the doubt is less likely to

30、cause us to think or act in ways that will unnecessarily damage our relationships with foreigners. 简答题 (定义+评论）1. What are the problems in intercultural communication/Why is it so hard to communicate with foreigners P9 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enou

31、gh to alter their communication event. Learn about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other in other words, intercultural communication. Part of the problem is that there are many different languages, so it is very hard to communicate with foreigners. Also,

32、 cultures are different and its difficult for foreigners to understand why students acted as they did. Another part of the problem is the way foreigners handle the intercultural communication. When Chinese do or say things that seem strange to them, foreigners tend to jump to conclusions and they are more likely to jump to negative conclusions instead of considering other possible explanations for the Chinese students behavior. 2. What are the characteristics of Chinese culture P17 定义“culture” 1. collectivism-emphasi