戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOC.docx
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戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版DOC
戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记-自己整理版(DOC)
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.
Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.
Chapter2Phonology音位学
[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)
Phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)
Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)
Acousticphonetics:
dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)
Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:
dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)
[B]Organsofspeech(发音器官)
Voiceless:
清音whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.
Voiced(Voicing):
浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.
AlltheEnglishvowels元音aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).
Theimportantcavities:
Thepharyngealcavity咽腔
Theoralcavity口腔
Thenasalcavity鼻腔
其他部位:
Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge(alveolus)齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate(velum)软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10
[C]Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds:
Broadandnarrowtranscriptions
(语音的正字法表征:
宽式/窄式标音)
IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet/Association国际语音协会/国际音标)
Broadtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly(代表字母的符号)
Narrowtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符)
E.g.:
[l]→[li:
f]--→aclear[l](nodiacritic)
[l]→[bild]--→adark[l](~)
[l]→[help]--→adental[l]()
[p]→[pit]--→anaspirated[ph](h表示送气)
[p]→[spit]--→anunaspirated[p](nodiacritic)
[n]→[btn]→asyllabicnasal[n]()
[D]ClassificationofEnglishconsonants(英语辅音的分类)
Intermsofmannerofarticulation根据发音方法分(themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated)
①Stops闭塞音:
theobstructionistotalorcomplete,andthengoingabruptly
[p]/[b],[t]/[d],[k]/[g]
②Fricatives摩擦音:
theobstructionispartial,andtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemonth
[f]/[v],[s]/[z],[∫]/[з],[θ]/[δ],[h](approximant)
③Affricates塞擦音:
theobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlyasinfricatives[t∫]/[dз]
④Liquids流音:
theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth
[l]→alateralsound;[r]→retroflex
⑤Glides滑音:
[w],[j](semi-vowels)
Liquid+glides+[h]→approximants
⑥Nasals鼻音:
thenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalatetoletairpassthroughit
[m],[n],[η]
Byplaceofarticulation根据发音部位分(theplacewhereobstructioniscreated)
①bilabial双唇音:
upperandlowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstructions[p]/[b],[w]→(velar)
②labiodentals唇齿音:
thelowerlipandtheupperteeth[f]/[v]
③dental齿音:
thetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth[θ]/[δ]
④alveolar齿龈音:
thefrontpartofthetongueonthealveolarridge[t]/[d],[s]/[z],[n],[l],[r]
⑤palatal腭音:
tongueinthemiddleofthepalate[θ]/[δ],[t∫]/[dз],[j]
⑥velars软腭因:
thebackofthetongueagainstthevelum[k],[g],[η]
⑦glottal喉音:
theglottalisthespacebetweenthevocalcordsinthelarynx[h]
[E]ClassificationofEnglishvowels(英语元音的分类)
①Thehighestpositionofthetongue:
front,central,back;
②Theopennessofthemouth:
close,semi-close,semi-open,open;
③Theroundness(shape)ofthemonth(thelips):
Allthefront,centralvowelsareunroundedvowelsexcept[]
Allthebackvowels,except[A:
]areroundedvowels
④Thelengthofthesound:
longvowels&shortvowels
Larynx→(tense)or(lax)
Monophthongs,diphthongs
Cardinalvowels
[F]Thedefinitionofphonology(音位学)
Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.
Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguages;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
[G]Phone,phoneme,andallophone(音素、音位、音位变体)
Phone:
aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment(因素是一个语音单位或者说语音段)
Phoneme:
aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractunit.(音位是一个音位学的单位,而且是一个有区别意义的单位,是一个抽象的单位)
Allophone:
thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.(在不同的语音环境下代表某个音位的音素被称为该音位的音位变体)
[H]Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,minimalpair(音位对立、互补分布、最小对立体)
Phonemiccontrast:
whentwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentsintwowordsandtheydistinguishmeaning,they’reinphonemiccontrast.
E.g.pin&bin→/p/vs./b/rope&robe→/p/vs./b/(要会判断!
)
Complementarydistribution:
twoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionbecausetheycannotappearatthesametime,oroccurindifferentenvironment,besidestheydonotdistinguishmeaning.
Minimalpair:
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiated,eachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenallofthesewordsconstituteaminimalsets.
[I]Somerulesinphonology
①sequentialrules序列规则
Phonotacticsof3consonantsoccurringinonset:
如果三个辅音都出现在词首,必须遵循以下三条规则:
No1:
___/s/第一个音位一定是/s/
___voicelessstops:
/p/,/t/,/k/第二个音位一定是/p/,/t/,/k/
___approximants:
/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/第三个音位一定是/r/,/l/,/w/,/j/
No2:
Theaffricates[t∫],[dз]andthesibilants[s],[z],[θ],[δ]arenottobefollowedbyanothersibilants.
②assimilationrules同化规则
Co-articulationeffects:
theprocessofmakingonesoundalmostatthesametimeasthenextiscalledco-articulation.
Assimilation&elisioneffects元音省略
Assimilation:
twophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenorcopiedbytheother
E.g.nasalizeavowelwhenitisfollowedbyanasalsound.鼻音化现象
③deletionrule/Elision省略规则
Definition:
theomissionofasoundsegmentwhichwouldbepresentindeliberatepronunciationofawordinisolation
E.g.deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant省略词末鼻辅音前的[g]音
[J]Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)
①Stress重音
Wordstress&sentencestress
ThestressoftheEnglishcompoundsalwaysonthefirstelement
②Tone声调
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.
Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikemorphemes.像音素一样可以区别意义
Tonelanguage,likeChinese,hasfourtones.汉语就是一种典型的声调语言,有四个音调
Level,rise,fall-rise,fall阴平阳平上声去声
③Intonation语调
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
English:
thefourbasictypesofintonation,orthefourtones四种语调
Thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risingtone,andtherise-falltone降调声调将声调升降调
Chapter3Morphology形态学
[A]Thedefinitionofmorphology
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.(指对词的内部结构以及构词规则的研究)
Morpheme:
词素themostbasicelementofmeaning.(意义的最基本要素)
(Aminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction最小的意义单位或者语法功能)
[B]Freemorphemes&boundmorphemes(自由词素和黏着词素)
Freemorphemes:
canstandbythemselvesassinglewords
→Lexicalmorphemes[n.a.v]&functionalmorphemes[conj.prep.art.pron.]
Boundmorphemes:
cannotnormallystandalone,butwhicharetypicallyattachedtoanotherform
→Derivationalmorphemes派生词素→affix词缀(suffix,infix,prefix)+root后缀中缀前缀+词根
→Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素→8typesofinflectionalmorphemesinEnglish
Noun+-’s,-s[possessive所有格;plural复数]
Verb+-s,-ing,-ed,-en[3rdpersonpresentsingular第三人称单数;presentparticiple现在分词;pasttense过去式,pastparticiple过去分词]
Adj+-er,-est[comparative比较级;superlative最高级]
[C]Derivationalvs.Inflectional派生(范畴/语类)和曲折(语法标志)
Inflectionalmorphemesneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofaword只表示语法标志(时态、数、格)
Inflectionalmorphemesinfluencethewholecategory词的范畴;
Derivationalmorphemesareopposite
Order:
root(stem)+derivational+inflectional词根/词干+派生+曲折
[D]MorphologicalRules形态学规则(词的构成方式→词素是怎样组合成为词)
N.+ly→a.;A.+ly→adv.;guardovergeneralization
[E]Morphsandallomorphs语素和语素变体
Morphs:
theactualformsusedtorealizemorphemes
Allomorphs:
asetofmorphs,allofwhichareversionsofonemorpheme,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.
e.g.
map----maps[s]
dog----dogs[z]
watch----watches[iz]
mouse----mice[ai]
ox----oxen[n]
tooth----teeth
sheep----sheep
Eachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.
[F]Word-formationprocess(构词法)
①Coinage→theinventionoftotallynewterms(创造全新的词)
②Borrowing→thetakingoverofwordsformotherlanguages
③Compounding→ajoiningoftwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform(组成复合词)
④Blending→takingoverthebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofotherword
⑤Clipping→awordofmorethanonesyllablereducedtoashorterform
⑥Backformation→aprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword
⑦Conversion→categorychange,functionalshift
⑧Acronyms→newwordsareformedfromtheinitiallettersofasetofotherw