areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.3.phonetics----Thestudyofspeechsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
4.Phoneme:
theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.
5.Coarticulation:
akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.
6.Assimilation:
aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.
7.Intonationisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.
8.Syllable:
wordorpartofawordwhichcontainsavowelsoundorconsonantactingasavowel.
第三章
1.morpheme:
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
2.inflection:
themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.
3.affix:
thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.
4.derivation:
isaprocessoftheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives,whichareopen-class.
5.root:
thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.
6.allomorph:
anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.
7.Stem:
anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.
8.blending:
arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.
9.back-formation:
anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.
第四章
⏹Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
⏹Category（范畴）referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
⏹Construction:
anylinguisticformwhichiscomposedofconstituentsandisabletobesegmented.
⏹Constituent:
isatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.
⏹Subordinationreferstotheprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus,onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheother.
⏹CoordinateisacommonsyntacticpatterninEnglishandotherlanguagesformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,andor.
第五章
⏹Conceptualmeaning:
thecentralpartofmeaning,whichcontainslogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.
⏹Connotation:
aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.
⏹Denotation:
thecoresenseofawordoraphrasethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworld.
⏹Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
⏹Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.
⏹Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
⏹Gradableantonymy（等级/渐次反义关系）----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…
⏹Complementaryantonymy（互补反义关系）----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…
⏹Converseantonymy（逆向反义关系）----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems,e.g.husband-wife,parent-child,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…
⏹Hyponymy----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
⏹Superordinate（上义词）:
thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.
⏹Relationalopposites关系反义词:
Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.
Chapter1
课后答案：
6.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?
Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’call.
Red→stop
Green→go
Yellow→getreadytogoorstop
8.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacial
ANSWER:
Onawhole,bodylanguageandfacialexpressionlackmostofthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguagesuchasduality,displacement,creativityandsoon.Bodylanguageexhibitsarbitrarinessalittlebit.Forinstance,nodmeans"OK/YES"forusbutinArabianworlditisequaltosaying"NO".Somefacialexpressionshavenon-arbitrarinessbecausetheyareinstinctivesuchasthecryandlaughofanewborninfant.
15.Whyisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceanimportantoneinlinguistics?
ANSWER:
ThisisproposedbyChomskyinhisformalistlinguistictheories.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictline.Someresearchersinappliedlinguisticsthinkcommunicativecompetencemaybeamorerevealingconceptinlanguageteachingthanthepurelytheoreticalpair—competenceandperformance.
Chapter2
II.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.
1.[Ɵ]voicelessdentalfricative
2.[ʃ]:
voicelesspostalveolarfricative
3.[ŋ]:
velarnasal
4.[d]:
voicedalveolarstop
5.[p]:
voicelessbilabialstop
6.[k]:
voicelessvelarstop
7.[l]:
alveolarlateral
8.[i]:
highfrontlaxunroundedvowel
9.[u:
]:
highbacktenseroundedvowel
10.[ɔ]:
lowbacklaxroundedvowel
III.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.
1.voicelesslabiodentalfricative:
[f]
2.voicedpostalveolarfricative:
[Ʒ]
3.palatalapproximant:
[j]
4.voicelessglottalfricative:
[h]
5.voicelessalveolarstop:
[t]
6.high-midfrontunroundedvowel:
[i]
7.highcentralroundedvowel:
[]符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横
8.lowfrontroundedvowel:
[Œ]
9.low-midbackroundedvowel:
[ɔ]
10.highbackroundedtensevowel:
[u:
]
四1Onacleardayyoucanseeformiles.
2Somepeoplethinkthatfirstimpressionscountforalot.
V.Discussthefollowingquestions.
1
展开阅读全文
相关搜索