6 the fly-Katherine Mansfield.pptx
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Symbols,1,Symbolisathinginliteraturethatsuggestsmorethanitsliteral(字面的)meaning.Itisappliedonlytoawordorphrasethatsignifiesanobjectandeventwhichinitsturnsignifiessomething,orhasarangeofreference,beyonditself.,Symbolsgenerallydonot“standfor”anyonemeaning,norforanythingabsolutelydefinite;theypoint,theyhint,orasHenryJamesputit,theycastlongshadows.Symbol-shadowTimes/perspectives/criticaltheories-sunShapes-readersinterpretations,2,Conventionalorpublicsymbols:
“theCross”;”theGoodShepherd”Privateorpersonalsymbols(toexploit开拓thewidelysharedassociations):
peacock;eagle;therisingsun;thesettingsun;climbing;descentAmbiguous模糊不清的symbols:
rose,3,Oh,MyLoveIsLikeaRed,RedRose(RobertBurns)Shewasourqueen,ourrose,ourstar/Andthenshedanced-Oheaven,herdancing!
ORose,thouartsick!
Theinvisibleworm,Thatfliesinthenight,Inthehowlingstorm,HasfoundoutthybedOfcrimsonjoy;AndhisdarksecretloveDoesthylifedestroy.(WilliamBlake:
“TheSickRose”),4,Thisindefinitemultiplicity多重ofmeaningsischaracteristicofasymbolicstoryanddistinguishesitfromanallegory(寓言,讽喻).,5,allegory(寓言,讽喻),6,astoryinwhichperson,places,andthingsformasystemofclearlylabeledequivalents(对等物).,Aclassicallegoryisthemedieval中世纪的playEveryman,whoseherorepresentsusall,andwho,desertedbyfalsefriendscalledKindredandGoods,facesthejudgmentofGodaccompaniedonlybyafaithfulfriendcalledGoodDeeds.,7,Earlyinthedevelopmentofthefictionalnarrative,symbolismwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence(对应).,8,InJohnBunyansThePilgrimsProgress(天路历程),forexample,everythingandeveryonestandsforsomethingelse.Theprotagonist主角Christian,tonoonessurprise,standsforeveryChristianreader;hisgoal,theCelestial(天国的,神圣的)City,standsforHeaven;,9,TheplacesthroughwhichhepassesonhiswayLucre钱财(money,profit)Hill,VanityFair,andthelike-standforthetemptations诱惑BunyanfeltthatChristianreaderswerelikelytoencounterontheirjourneytosalvation.,10,EventhenamesofChristiansfellowtravelers-Mr.Feeble-mind,Great-heart,andthelike-representnotcharactersbutstatesofbeing.,11,Allegoryisundoubtedlythesimplestwayoffleshingout(充实)atheme,butitisalsotheleastemotionallysatisfyingbecauseitmakesthingsalittletooeasyonthereader.,12,Wefeelthatwearebeinglecturedto;itsalmostasiftheauthorisstoppingeverysentenceortwotosay,“Nowpayspecialattentiontothis,becauseifyoudontrememberit,youwontgetthepoint.”Essentially,allegoryinsultsourintelligence./Ambiguity/imagination/beauty,13,Allegoryalso,however,limitsourperceptions(洞察力,理解力).Thebestworksofliteraturearethoseinwhichanelementofmysteryremains-thosewhichlendthemselvestoavarietyofinterpretations.,14,Totakeallegorytothenexthigherlevel,wearriveatsomethingthatforwantofabettertermcanbecalledsymbolism.Atthislevel,thereisstillaformofcorrespondence(对应),andyetitisnotsoone-to-one,andcertainlynotsoblatant(obvious).,15,Whereasallegoryoperatesveryconsciously,symbolismoperatesontheleveloftheunconscious(thenecessityofimagination).Thisdoesnotmeanthattheauthorhimselfisunconsciousoftheprocessofcreatingsymbolism-merelythatwe,asreaders,acceptitsinputwithoutreallyunderstandinghowitworks.,16,Symbolsinfictionarenotgenerallyabstracttermslikeloveortruth,butarelikelytobeconcreteobjects(orwordeddescriptionsthatcauseustoimaginethem).Whatconcreteobjectshaveweseen?
17,birdRose;house;goldwatchQuiltsPortraitFurLight;cafThelottery;blackboxEyefly,18,objects/character/body/actInsomenovelsandstories,symboliccharactersmakebriefcameo(浮雕)(likeastature)appearances.Usuallysuchasymboliccharacterismoreaportraitthanapersonorsomewhatportraitlike,asFaulknersMissEmily,whotwiceappearsatawindowofherhouse“likethecarven雕刻的torso躯干ofanidolinaniche壁龛.”,19,ThoughFaulknerinvestsMissEmilywithlifeandvigor,healsoclothesherinsymbolichints:
sheseemsalmosttopersonify人格化thevanishing消没的aristocracy贵族oftheantebellum(beforetheAmericanCivilWar)South,stillmaintainingablackservantandbeingruthlessly残酷的betrayed出卖byamoneymakingYankee.,20,Sometimesapartofacharactersbodyoranattribute(特征,属性)mayconveysymbolicmeaning:
abaleful(邪恶的)eye,asinEdgarAllanPoes“TheTell-TaleHeart”.,21,Asymbolicactisagesturewithlargersignificancethanusual:
TheLottery,22,Whydowritershavetosymbolizewhydonttheytellusoutright(withoutdelay)?
23,Oneadvantageofasymbolisthatitissocompact(concise简洁的,精练的),andyetsofullyladen(含义丰富).Fortheusualpurposesofreadingastoryandunderstandingit,thereisprobablyli