生态学复习要点.docx

生态学复习要点.docx

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生态学复习要点

复习要点

第一章Introductiontoecology生态学概述

Whatisecology?

Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment.

interaction:

actiononeachother;

Organism：

ananimal,plant,humanoranyotherlivingthings;

Environment:

Physicalenvironmentandbioticenvironment.

Physicalenvironment：

Comprisingsuchthingsastemperature,wateravailability,windspeed,soilacidity）;

Physicalenvironmentcanbenaturalorman-made.Mostly,itisamixofthetwo.

Questions:

Whatisanurbanphysicalenvironment?

Naturalorman-made?

Whataresomeofthemajorelementsthatcomprisetheurbanphysicalenvironment?

Inwhatwaysdoestheurbanphysicalenvironmentinfluenceitsresidents?

Bioticenvironment：

Comprisinganyinfluencesonanorganismthatareexertedbyotherorganisms,includingcompetition,predation,parasitism,andcooperation.

Givesomeexamplesoftheaboveinfluencesyouobserveinyoursurroundings.

Questions：

Whataresomeofthebioticelementsyouobserveinacity?

Howdotheyinfluencethehumanresidentsinthecity?

Areallkindsofenvironmentshuman-controlled?

Isthereanynaturalenvironmentinitstruesense?

Whatisurbanecology?

thestudyofinteractionsbetweenurbanorganismsandtheirenvironment.

UrbanorganismsVSnaturalorganisms:

UrbanenvironmentVSnaturalenvironment:

Urbanorganism

Humanbeings（Demographicfeatures）

Animals（home-keptanimalsandwideanimals）

Micro-organism（bacteriaandviruses）

Plants（flowers,grasses,trees）

Humanbeingsarethedominantspeciesofurbanorganisms

Urbanenvironment

Physical:

Man-madeelements（buildings,streets,infrastructures）;

Biotic:

animalsandplants（homekeptsuchaspets\gardens）andwild（birds,rats,mosquitoes）

Sizeofyourstudyinecology

Individuals

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Individuals

Anysinglelivingthing.Studytheresponseofindividualstotheirenvironment;

Populations

Thetotalnumberofanimalsorplantsofonespecies.Studyspecies,populationabundance,andpopulationfluctuations;

Communities

Amixtureofpopulationsofdifferentspecies.Studytheprocessdeterminingtheircompositionandstructure.

Ecosystems

Comprisethebioticcommunityinconjunctionwiththeassociatedcomplexofphysicalfactorsthatcharacterizethephysicalenvironment.

Westudysystemcomponents,biomass,energyflow,nutrientcycle,andsystemfunctions.

Discussons:

Discussthefourlevelsofstudyintermsofurbanecology.

Keyissues:

DefinitionofEcology

Definitionofurbanecology

Fourlevelsofstudyinecology

Fourlevelsofstudyinurbanecology

Homework:

Comparethenaturalenvironmentwithurbanenvironment,andseewhatdifferencestheyhave.

PrepareChapterTwo:

UnderstandingEcosystems.

第二章Ecosystemandenergyflow生态系统与能量流动

Whatisanecosystem?

∙Adefinedspacewhichincludesplants,animals（organisms）andphysicalinteractions.

∙Anecosystemcanbeofanysizedependingonthecommunitiestobestudied.

∙Ecologiststendtothinkofecosystemintermsofenergyflow,carbonflowornutrientcycles

ComponentsofanEcosystem

∙Bioticalelements:

1.Producers（plants,grass）,

2.Consumers（cows,rabbits,lions,tigers,andsoon）

3.decomposers（bacteria,andfungus）;

∙Non-bioticalelements:

Organicelements,non-organicelementsandclimaticelements.

Componentsofanecosystem

Energyflow

Somekeywordsofecosystem

∙Ecosystemandthelawsofthermodynamics:

∙Transferefficiency:

∙Disturbanceandrecovery:

∙Energyflowthroughacommunity:

∙Nutrientrecycle:

Ecosystemandthelawsofthermodynamics:

∙Firstlaw:

Energycanneitherbecreatednordestroyed.

∙Secondlaw:

Everytransformationresultsinareductionofthefreeenergyofthesystem.

Transferefficiency:

∙Theproportionofnetprimaryproductionthatflowsthroughtrophiclevels（营养层）dependsonthetransferefficienciesinthewayenergyisusedandpassedfromonesteptothenext.

∙Therearethreecategoriesoftransferefficiency:

ConsumptionEfficiency（CE）,AssimilationEfficiency（AE）,andProductionEfficiency（PE）.

Disturbanceandrecovery:

∙Disturbance:

Interruptionorinterferencethatoccurssufficientlyoftenforittohaveexertedsomeselectionpressureonthespeciesexperiencingit.

∙Internaldisturbanceandexternaldisturbance

Energyflowthroughacommunity:

∙Thepathwayofenergyatdifferenttrophiclevelsfordifferentcommunities.

∙FromCEtoAEtoPE.

Nutrientrecycle:

∙Watercycle

∙Carboncycle

∙Nitrogencycle

Qestions:

∙Wheredoestheenergyontheearthcome?

Wheredoestheenergyinacitycome?

∙Isanecosystemopenorclosed?

∙Whatisthebalanceofanecosystem?

∙Giveanexampletoshowhowhumanactivitiesdestroythebalanceofanecosystem.

Discussion:

∙Discussthecomponentsandenergyflowofanurbanecosystem.

第三章Urbanecosystem城市生态系统

Whatisurban？

∙DifferentCountrieshavedifferentdefinitions;

∙Threeelementscountindefiningacity:

∙1.Population

∙2.Industry

∙3.Municipation.

U.S.definition:

∙Urban:

Populatedregionswithadensityof1600people/km2orgreaterandaminimumpopulationof2,500.

∙Metropolitan:

Thoseconsistofacentralcitywithaminimumpopulationof50,000,thecountyinwhichatleast50%ofthepopulationofthecentralcitylives,andoutlyingcountieswithwell-definedlinkstothecentralcountyorcountiesbasedoncommutingpatterns.

SouthAfricadefinition:

∙Urban:

∙Builtupareas,includingvacantspacewithinaproclaimedmunicipalorlocalauthorizedboundaries

GeneralDefinition

∙Identifiableplaceswithdefinedorfixedboundariesandahighdensityofpopulation.

China’sDefinition

∙Thecapitalofaprovinceoracountywithapopulationover2,000,ofwhichmorethan50%areurbanregisteredresidents.（1995）

Whatisanurbanecosystem?

∙Urbanecosystemmodelsarebasedontheinteractionofthesocial,biological,andphysicalcomponentsofacity.

Asimplifiedmodelofurbanecosystem

中国学者对城市生态系统的定义

∙城市生态系统（UrbanEcosystem）指的是城市空间范围内的居民与自然环境系统和人工建造的社会环境系统相互作用而形成的统—体，属人工生态系统。

（杨小波等，2000）

∙人、自然环境和社会环境是城市生态系统的三大组成部分。

Human-beings（人）

∙人口数量（populations）

∙人口结构（Populationstructures）

∙空间分布（Spatialdistributionofpopulations）

Naturalenvironment

∙自然环境系统包括大气、水体、土壤、岩石、矿产资源、太阳能等非生物系统和动物、植物、微生物等生物系统；

∙Naturalenvironmentconsistsofsuchnon-bioticalelementsasair,water,soil,rocks,minerals,solarenergyandbioticalelementsasanimals,plants,andmicro-organisms.

SocialEnvironment（社会环境）

∙社会环境系统包括人工建造的物质环境系统（包括各类房屋建筑、道桥及运输工具、供电、供能、通风和市政管理设施及娱乐休闲设施等）和非物质环境系统（包括城市经济、文化与群众组织系统，社会服务系统、科学文化教育系统等）（man-madephysicalelementsandnon-physicalelements）

城市生态系统的组成结构（structureofurbanecosys）

∙中国生态学家马世骏教授指出：

“城市生态系统是一个以人为中心的自然界、经济与社会的复合人工生态系统”

第四章EcologicalSuccession生态演替

EcologicalSuccesstion：

Ecologicalsuccession,afundamentalconceptinecology,referstomore-or-lesspredictableandorderlychangesinthecompositionorstructureofanecologicalcommunity.

PrimarySuccession：

Beginsinaplacewithoutanysoil,suchassidesofvolcanoes,Landslides,Flooding.Itstartswiththearrivaloflivingthingssuchaslichens（地衣）thatdonotneedsoiltosurvive.TheyarecalledPIONEERSPECIES.

Explainthepregressofprimarysuccession:

（Seeclasspresentations）

SecondarySuccession:

Beginsinaplacethatalreadyhassoilandwasoncethehomeoflivingorganisms.Itoccursfasterandhasdifferentpioneerspeciesthanprimarysuccession.Example:

afterforestfires.

ColonizationbySpecies:

Theprocessofarrivalandhabitationofalienspeciesatanewsiteandtheestablishmentofacommunity.

ClimaxCommunity:

Thefinalorstablecommunityintheprocessofecologicalsuccessionistheclimaxcommunityorclimaticvegetation.Itisself-perpetuatingandinequilibriumwiththephysicalhabitat.Thereisnonetannualaccumulationoforganicmatterinaclimaxcommunitymostly.Theannualproductionisbalancedinsuchacommunity.

第五章Biodiversity生物多样性

Whatdoyouthinkbiodiversitymeans?

BiodiversityisthevarietyoflifeonEarthandtheessentialinterdependenceofalllivingthings

Thereare3componentsofbiodiversity：

1.Diversityofgenes

Chihuahuas,beagles,androttweilersarealldogs—butthey'renotthesamebecausetheirgenesaredifferent.

2.Diversityofspecies

Forexample,monkeys,dragonflies,andmeadowbeautiesarealldifferentspecies

3.Varietyofecosystems

Prairies,Ponds,andtropicalrainforestsareallecosystems.Eachoneisdifferent,withitsownsetofspecieslivinginit.

Whyshouldweprotecbiodiversity?

1.BiodiversityhasutilitarianValue

UtilitarianValue=thevaluesomethinghasasameanstoanother’send.

Utilitarianvaluesinclude:

Goods

Services

Information

2.Biodiversitycanprovideusdifferentservices.

Oxygen

Food

CleanWater

Medicine

Aesthetics

Ideas

3.Biodiversityisgoodforecosystemstability

Morediversified,morestable;

Threatstobiodiversity:

Habitatdestruction

Pollution

SpeciesIntroductions

GlobalClimateChange

Exploitation

第六章UrbanPopulationandEnvironment城市人口与环境

Urbanization：

Whydopeoplewanttoliveincities?

Urbanization:

Theprocessofpeoplemovingfromruralareastotheurbanareas.

DevelopedCountries:

over70%ofthepopulationliveincities;

China:

36%in2004，andabout50%in2011.

Populationstructure：

Agestructure:

young,mid,andold

Sexstructure:

maleandfemale

nationalitystructure:

hanandminorities

HouseholdregistrationStructure:

ruralorurban

Familystructure:

marriedorsingle

Education:

high,literateandilliterate

Employment:

employedandunemployed

EnvironmentProblemsinChina：

●Waterpollution

●Airpollution

●Solidwa