全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题.docx
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全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions：
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency（crimescommittedbyyoungpeople）focuseitheronthe
individualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories
1ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengagein
criminalbehavior
2
theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminal
behaviorthrough
3
withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin
4
totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,
5
asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.
Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6
thefactthat
childrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes
7
lackofadequateparentalcontrol.
Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare
8
tocriticism.
Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly
9
juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat
10
tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment
11
makegainfulemploymentincreasingly
difficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin
12
leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.
Familieshavealso
13
changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworking
parents;
14，childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome
15
wascommoninthetraditionalfamily
16
.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other__17_
causesof
offensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased__18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing
19
of
childabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,
20
adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
1.
[A]acting
[B]relying
[C]centering
[D]commenting
2.
[A]before
[B]unless
[C]until
[D]because
3.
[A]interaction
[B]assimilation
[C]cooperation
[D]consultation
4.
[A]return
[B]reply
[C]reference
[D]response
5.
[A]or
[B]butrather
[C]but
[D]orelse
6.
[A]considering
[B]ignoring
[C]highlighting
[D]discarding
7.
[A]on
[B]in
[C]for
[D]with
8.
[A]immune
[B]resistant
[C]sensitive
[D]subject
9.
[A]affect
[B]reduce
[C]chock
[D]reflect
10.
[A]point
[B]lead
[C]come
[D]amount
11.[A]ingeneral
[B]onaverage
[C]bycontrast
[D]atlength
12.
[A]case
[B]short
[C]turn
[D]essence
13.
[A]survived
[B]noticed
[C]undertaken
[D]experienced
14.[A]contrarily
[B]consequently
[C]similarly
[D]simultaneously
15.
[A]than
[B]that
[C]which
[D]as
16.
[A]system
[B]structure
[C]concept
[D]heritage
17.
[A]assessable
[B]identifiable
[C]negligible
[D]incredible
18.
[A]expense
[B]restriction
[C]allocation
[D]availability
19.
[A]incidence
[B]awareness
[C]exposure
[D]popularity
20.
[A]provided
[B]since
[C]although
[D]supposing
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）
Text1
Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent”.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.
Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanhetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:
“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.
Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept—whatyouthinkyouwanttodo—thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.
Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.
Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
21.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?
[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.
[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.
[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.
[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.
22.
Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?
[A]Lackofcounseling.
[B]Limitednumberofvisits.
[C]Lowerefficiency.
[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.
23.
Theexpression“tipservice”（Line4,Paragraph3）mostprobablymeans
.
[A]advisory.
[B]compensation.
[C]interaction.
[D]reminder.
24.
WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?
[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.
[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.
[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.
[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.
25.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?
[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.
[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.
[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.
[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.
Text2
Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:
alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.
ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors（includinghisfather）hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged（Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi）.Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers（Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami）areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen（Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht）.
Canthismerelybecoincidence?
Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.
Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:
alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.
26.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAA
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