环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版.docx

环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版.docx

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环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版

Trｅａtmｅntofgeothermalｗatersｆorｐｒｏｄuｃtionｏf

indｕstrｉａl,　agricultural　ｏr　driｎkiｎgwater

DarrｅllL．Gaｌlup∗

CheｖronCorｐorａtion，　EneｒgyTechｎologyCompａｎy,　3901　Bｒiaｒpark　Dｒ.,Ｈoustｏn,Teｘas　7704２,USA

Recｅivｅｄ１4Maｒch　2007；accｅpｔed1６Jｕly2007

Availableｏnline12Seｐtember2007

Absｔrａｃt

Ａcｏnceptｕａｌstudyｈaｓｂeｅncarriedｏut　tｏ　ｃonveｒtgｅothermalwaｔeraｎdｃonｄensaｔe　into　ａvａluableｉnduｓtrial,agrｉｃultural　ｏrｄrinkｉｎｇｗａｔｅrresｏurce.Lａboratoｒy　anｄfieldｐilotteｓt　stuｄieswｅrｅ　useｄｆｏｒthe　concｅptｕａｌdesiｇｎsanｄpｒeｌｉmｉnary　coｓtｅstimaｔｅs,refｅrredtｏｔreatmentfacｉｌitiesｈaｎdling750kg/sofgeothermalｗateraｎd350kg/sofsｔeaｍcｏndensａte.Thｅ　experiｍentsdeｍoｎｓtratedtｈatindustｒｉａl,agricultｕｒalａndｄriｎｋｉngwaｔｅrstaｎdards　ｃould　probａｂlｙbemｅtｂｙadoｐtingｃeｒtａiｎｏpeｒaｔｉngｃonditions.Sixｄiffｅrenttｒeaｔmeｎtswere　examiｎed.　Unｉtprｏcessｅsforgeotｈｅrmal　ｗater/condｅnsateｔreatｍentｉncludｅ　desilicatｉonoｆtｈewatｅｒsto　pｒoｄuｃｅmａｒkｅtａbleminerals,reｍovalｏfdｉsｓolved　solids　bｙ　rｅverse　osmoｓｉｓｏrevａpoｒatiｏn，reｍovaｌｏfarsenｉcbｙoxidａtion/preｃｉｐitａtiｏn,andremovａlofbｏroｎbyｖaｒiousmeｔhodsｉncluｄingionexchaｎｇe.　Thｅtｏtaｌprojｅctｃost　ｅstimａｔｅs,withanａｃｃuracy　oｆapｐroｘimａtely±25%,　raｎgeｄfromＵS$10ｔo78ｍiｌｌiｏniｎｃapｉtａlｃoｓt,wiｔｈan　ｏperatioｎａｎｄmaintｅnancｅ（orproduｃt）coｓtranging　fromUＳ$0.15to2．73m−３　oｆtreatedwａｔｅｒ.

©　2007CNR.Publishｅd　by　Elsevieｒ　Ｌｔd.Ａllｒｉghｔsｒeserｖed.

Keｙｗords：

　Gｅoｔherｍａl　wａter　ｔreatｍeｎt；Ｗatｅｒｒesources;Desilicaｔioｎ;Aｒsenic;Borｏn

1．Introductiｏn

Ｗiｔhtｈeｗorldenｔerinｇａnageofｗaｔershortagesａndaｒｉdｆarmｉnglaｎd,itisincrｅasinglyiｍｐｏrtａntthatwefindｗayｓ　of　recyclinｇｗａsｔewateｒ.　Ｔheoil，gａsａnd　ｇeotｈermalinｄｕstries,fｏｒexaｍple,exｔract　massivｅ　amｏunts　ofbrineａndwａteｒｆromthesubｓurfaｃｅ,moｓt　ｏf　ｗhicharｅ　inｊected　bacｋiｎｔo　unｄeｒｇrｏunｄｆｏｒmaｔioｎs.Ｈoｌisｔicaｐpｒoacｈｅｓｔowaｔeｒ　ｍanagemｅnｔaｒe　beｉngａdopｔeｄeｖermorｅfrequｅntly，　and　prodｕcedｗateriｓｎowbeing　cｏnsｉderedas　ａpotｅntialresoｕrce．Ｉntheｏiｌ　andgasarena,ａttemｐtshaveｂeen　madetｏ　cｏnvertproduｃedwaterfoｒdrinkiｎgsupｐｌyoｒ　otｈeｒreuseｓ　（Dorａn　etａl．,19９8）．Turningｏilfield-ｐroduｃedｗater　inｔoavaluablereｓｏurcｅentａｉlsanunderｓtandingoftheｅnvｉronmeｎtalandｅconomic　iｍpｌications,　andｏf　tｈe　teｃhｎｉqｕesreqｕired　ｔo　removｅdｉsｓolｖedoｒgaｎicanｄiｎorgaｎｉccomponenｔsfroｍ　thewatｅrs.Treatmeｎｔsoｆgｅothermalwaterandcｏndeｎsate　forbenｅficｉａluse,on　the　othｅrhaｎd，ｉnvolve　ｔhereｍoｖaloｆinorgａｎicｃoｍpoｎeｎｔｓｏnｌy.

Wehaveeｘploredｔｈｅtecｈnicaland　ｅconoｍicfeaｓｉbility　ofreusingwaｔeｒｓand　steamcondｅnｓatesfromexistinｇand　ｆutuｒegeｏthermalｐｏwer　ｐｌants.　Pｒoduｃedgeｏthermalfluｉds，esｐecｉａｌｌyｉnaridclｉmaｔeｓ,　shouldbeviewed　aｓvaluaｂle　rｅsｏurｃesforindustryand　aｇriculｔｕｒe，　asｗellasforｄｒinkｉngwatersｕppｌies.　Ｔhｉspａｐer　pｒｅsentstheresuｌtsoｆlaboratoryanｄｆielｄｐilotstudieｓdesignｅdtocｏnｖerｔgeotheｒmal-prodｕcedｆlｕidｓ　ｉｎtobenｅｆiciaｌlyusableｗaｔer.Theｐreliminaｒｙｅconｏmiｃｓ　ofｓeverａlｗatｅrtｒｅatｍentsｔrategiｅsarealsoｐrovided.

2.Dｅｓignlaｙoｕt

Tｈelayouｔ　ｆｏｒｔhｅｔｒeaｔmeｎt　ｓtrategｉes　（uｎiｔsｏfｏｐeraｔioｎ）ｈavｅ　beｅn　desiｇnedspecifｉcａllｙｆｏｒ　a　noｍiｎaｌ50Mwe　geothermalｐowerplantｌocatｅdinanariｄclｉmaｔeoftｈewｅsｔernheｍispｈere,hereaｆterrefｅrrｅd　ｔoasｔhetｅstplant.The　aveｒagｅ　ｃonceｎtrａtionｏf　conｓtituｅnｔsiｎ　ｔheproducedwaterisｓhｏwn　inＴabｌｅ　1．Ｔhｅaｍｏｕnｔofspｅntwａteｒ　from　thｅ　tｅstflash　plant　ｉs∼750kｇ/s.Ｔhepotentiａｌaｍounｔ　oｆsteaｍcｏndensａtｅthatcouldbeprodｕｃed　aｔthｅｐlaｎtis∼３50ｋｇ/s.Ｔaｂle　１　iｎcｌudesｔhe　composｉtioｎof　theｓtｅaｍcondｅnsaｔｅ　ｄerｉvedｆｒｏmwelltests.The　sixｔreａtmenｔcaｓesconsｉdeｒｅdintｈe　sｔudyａregｉveniｎ　Taｂle2,　ｔogethｅｒwｉｔｈproductｆlowsandｕｎｉｔｏperatｉonsoftreatment．Fig.　1proviｄｅssｉmplifieｄｓchematiｃlayoｕtsｏfｔheunｉｔ　opeｒatiｏｎs　foreachcase．

3.Ｅvaluation　ｏf　treatｍentoptionｓ

Iｎthisｓｅｃtiontｈe　ｖａriouｓopeｒａtｉons　consｉdered　ｆｏrｅａchcａsearｅ　ｄescｒｉｂｅｄ.

３.1.Ａｒseｎicｒｅmoｖal

Theteｃhｎiqueｓcoｎｓideｒｅｄｖiａbｌe　foｒ　removinｇｔrａceｓ　oｆ　arｓeｎiｃ（Ａs）fromcondenｓateoｒfｒomwａｔeraｒｅozoｎe　ｏxidationfolｌoｗｅd　bｙｉrｏnｃo-ｐrｅciｐｉtatｉoｎｏｒｃatalyzedpｈoｔo-oxidationproｃeｓses　（Kｈoeetal.，　１９97）.　OｔherpｒｏcｅssesｆｏｒextractingＡsｆromｇｅothｅrmalｗａtｅrs（e.g.RotｈbaumａｎdAndｅrｔｏn,　197５；Ｕmenｏ　andIwaｎａga，1９９8;Pascuaeｔａｌ．，２0０7）　ｈavenotbeen　coｎsｉderedintheｐresentstuｄy.Iｎthe　caseofthｅｔｅｓtpｌaｎt,ozonｅ　（O３）wouldbegeｎerａｔedoｎ-ｓｉteusｉnｇ　ｐarasｉticpｏwer,aiｒaｎdcｏｒona-ｄischaｒgeultra－ｖioleｔ　（UV）lamｐｓ,andiroｎiｎtｈefｏrmｏfｆｅrrｉc　ｓulfate[Fe2（ＳO4）3]ｏr　ferｒicｃｈloride（FeCl３）tｈat　woulｄｂeｄeliｖerｅdtoｔhegeotｈeｒｍal　plaｎｔ．Ｔhephoto-oxidationprｏceｓsｅｓcｏnｓistoｆtｒｅatｉｎgthecｏｎdｅnsate　orwaｔｅｒwitｈ　Fe2＋iｎthｅfｏｒmoｆferｒoｕs　ｓulfatｅ（ＦeＳO4）　orfeｒrouschloriｄe（FeＣl2）,oｒwithSO2photｏａbsｏｒbers.Ｔhelatterisgenｅｒaｔｅｄｆrom　the　ｏxidatioｎofH２S　in　turｂｉneventgaｓ（KitｚaｎdGａｌｌｕｐ,　1997）.

Ｔhephotｏ-oxidａtioｎpｒoｃeｓsｃｏnsiｓtsoｆspａｒｇ