英语语法汇总.docx

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英语语法汇总

第一章名词

一、名词的分类:

名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。

普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

专有名词:

BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations

个体名词:

man,expert,factory

可数名词

集合名词:

audience(观众),class,family

普通名词:

物质名词:

water,coal,rice

不可数名词

抽象名词:

surprise,honour,help

二、可数名词的复数形式

1.一般情况,直接加-s。

port(港口)→ports;technique(技术)—techniques

2.以s,x,ch,sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词,加—es

bus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushes

branch—branches,stomach—stomachs(stomach词尾发k,故复数直接加-s)

3.辅音字母+y,变y为i,加-esuniversity—universities

y前为元音字母,直接加-sboy—boys

4.以O结尾加-eshero—heroes

O前为元音字母,及部分外来词直接加-s

zoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos

5.以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives

※以下f结尾单词直接加-sbelief—beliefs(信念)roof—roofs(屋顶)

proof—proofs(证据)safe—safes(保险柜)

chief—chiefs(首领)gulf—gulfs(海湾)

6.不规则名词

man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,

goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen

注1:

有些可数名词的单复数相同,要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数,例如:

sheep羊fish鱼deer鹿

means手段,方法works工厂,作品series系列

注2:

在些可数名词,只有单数形式,但表示复数意义。

如果作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。

如:

cattle牛people人民police警察

注3:

集合名词既可看作单数(作为整体),也可看作复数(作为集体的各个成员)。

例如:

audience(观众)class(班级)family(家庭)group(小组)

Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.她家在该地区是名门望族。

Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.

她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。

改错:

1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.

ABCD

2.Fishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.

ABCD

3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal(罪犯)?

ABCD

三、不可数名词

物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。

前面不能加不定冠词a/an,词尾也不能加—s。

请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。

news消息information信息advice忠告,建议progress进步,进展

knowledge知识weather天气fun乐趣equipment设备

English英语furniture家具wealth财富damage损坏

traffic交通,车辆及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服,衣着

※word消息,信息work工作homework家庭作业housework家务

改错:

1.Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.

ABCD

2.Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofjoy

ABCD

3.Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!

ABCD

4.Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.

ABCD

5.Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.

ABCD

说明1:

部分抽象名词可与a(an)连用,此时词义发生变化,表示某种事或人。

这些词有:

surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。

当这类词在句中作表语(例3),作宾补(例4)及在介词as之后,词义发生变化,通常要加a/an。

说明2:

paper表示“纸”不可数。

表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。

四、名词的所有格

名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成,用于表示所属关系。

用于以下情况:

1)表示有生命的名词

mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks(儿童读物)students’rooms

2)表示国家、城市、地域的名词

China’spopulationBeijing’sweather

3)表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词

themoon’ssurfacetenyears’hardwork十年的辛劳

today’snewspapers20dollars’worthofastamp一张价值20美元的邮票

其他无生命的名词通常用“of+名词”的短语表示所属关系。

theobjectofthesentence句子的宾语

thetitleofthefilm影片的名字

五、名词的作用

1)名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。

Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.

主语宾语

Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.

宾语宾补

2)名词还作其他名词的前置定语,用于更准确说明某物的用途,性质,组成材料等。

ateacup茶杯acarnumber车牌号ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石桥

※※名词作定语必须用单数。

man,woman作定语,用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。

sport作定语,单复数形式均可。

amanteacher一个男教师tenwomendoctors十个女医生

asport(s)shirt运动衫thearmsrace武器竞赛(特例)

选:

ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn’tit?

A.birdhitcostB.birdshitcostsC.birdhitscostD.birdhitcosts

本题题义:

空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。

考查的是名词作定语。

名词作定语必须用单数,故可考虑的答案为A、C。

又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生,故选C。

六、学习名词,特别要注意的问题

1)准确把握词义,重视近义词的辩析

选:

Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.(2001年上海高考题)

A.sightB.sceneC.viewD.look

辩析:

sight1.看见2.视力3.视野4.风景

scene1.(事件发生的)现场2.场面;情景3.景色4.(拍电影)场景,(舞台)布置

view1.眺望2.视野3.风景,景色。

look1.看2.神色,表情looks=appearance外貌

本句意为:

住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一,是能清楚眺望到一切。

故本题答案为C。

近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查,是重点热点之一。

2)正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则

选:

1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.

A./;aB.the,/C./,/D.the,the

2.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofdifferentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.

A.the;aB.不填;aC.the;theD.不填;the

名词练习

1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.

A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experience

C.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience

2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.

A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space

3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?

A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift

4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.

A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage

5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.

A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took

6.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.

A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.sea

7.Onlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.

A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof

8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.

A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt

9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.

A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuables

10.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.

A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirown

11.Whenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.

A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin

12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.

A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess

13.---IsMrSmithin?

---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.

A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks

14.-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.

----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.

A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishes

C.TomandJane’s;likesD.Tom’sandJane’s;want

15.________MrWanghas!

Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.

A.WhatapoormemoryB.Whatpoormemory

C.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory

16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.

A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effecton

C.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton

17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.

A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength

18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.

A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studying

C.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying

19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.

---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.

A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder

20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.

A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents

21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.

A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.sense

22.Manystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.

A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslength

23.Hisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.

A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity

24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.

A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise

25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.

A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime

26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.

A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother

27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.

A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle

28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.

A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need

29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.

A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire

30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.

A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzle

31.JacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.

A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance

32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.

A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular

33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.

A.shapeB.modelC.designD.size

34.Itisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.

A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation

35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.

A.Gate21B.21stGateC.theGate21D.21Gate

36.----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?

-----Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.

A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyevening

C.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening

37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.

A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress

38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.

A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought

39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.decisionD.use

40.

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