页眉页脚.docx

页眉页脚.docx

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页眉页脚

I．Introduction

Traditionalfestivalsaretheformationofthehistoryandcultureofacountry'slong-termprecipitation.Theculturalconnotationsreflectedbythecelebrationsandobservationsofdifferentfestivalsindifferentnationsareprofoundandunique.Notonlyaretheoriginsofthefestivalscloselylinkedwithpeople'slives.Also,theyembodythepeople’srichemotionalworldandtheirvaluesinmarriageandlove.Thereissuchafamoussaying:

"Everynationeachfestival,itreflectstherealsideofthenationalculture.”Themostimportantdaysaresetasfestivalstocelebrate.Duringthesedays,somethingspecialtopeople’sexistence,developmenthappenstothepeople.Whenthefestivalscome,peoplewillcelebratethemwithdifferentwaysandactivities.Thefestivalcustomsarelearnedfromgenerationtogeneration,soeveryonehasspecialfeelingstothosefestivals.

Amongofthem,HalloweeninthewestandZhongYuanFestivalinChinaarebothveryimportanttraditionalfestivals.Althoughbotharewell-knownastheFestivalsoftheGhosts,theyhavemanydifferentfeaturesoftheirown.

Attemptingtodigoutthedifferentculturalconnotationsbehindthedifferences,thisthesisisgoingtoconductcomparisonandcontraststudiesofthetwofestivalsfromtheaspectsofhistory,religionandthecelebrationritessoastomakeabetterunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthe“GhostCulture”inthewestandinChina.

Thetextconsistsoffiveparts.Inthefirstpart,itintroducestheoverviewofthethesis.Inthesecondpart,itbriefstheexistingliteraturesoastogiveitsreadersabetterunderstandingoforiginsandreasonsforthedifferencesintheoriginsoftheHalloweenandHungryGhostFestival,usingthemethodofcomparativeanalysis.Inthethirdpart,itmakesasurveyandstudyaccordingtohowpeoplecelebrateHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalindifferentwaysinallagestoconductacomprehensiveinvestigation.Inthefourthpart,thethesisanalyzesthecausesofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternGhostCulture,whichleadtothedifferentcustomsandhabitsbetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalandtheirdifferentimpactsuponthedailylifeofthepeople.Inthefifthpart,itmakesaconclusionforthethesis,whichfocusesontwoghostfestivalsdifferencesbythecomparisonswithChinaandWesterncultures.

II．DifferencebetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestival

Festivalsarepreciousculturalheritageofdifferentcountries.ThatisalsothereasonwhyfestivalsinChinaandwesterncountrieshavealittleincommon.Asamatterofface,Chineseandwesternfestivalsserveasanintriguingwindowintotheirculturaldifferences.Theirdifferentoriginsandpeople’sdifferentwaystocelebratethefestivalsbothreflecttheirculturalcontrasts.

WhenChinesepeoplefirstlearnedaboutHalloween,theywereshocked.HalloweenismuchliketheChineseHungryGhostFestival. WealwayssayChineseandwesternaredifferent,theythinkindifferentways. However,theyhavethesamefears. Ghostsarealwaysagoodtopicindifferentcultures.Inthispart,wecanresearchrespectivelydifferencebetweenHalloweenandHungryGhostFestivalabouttheirorigin,thewaystocelebrationsandculturalconnotation.

2.1DifferencesintheOrigin

2.1.1TheOriginofHalloween

 Halloweenisoneoftheoldestholidayswithoriginsgoingbackthousandsofyears.TheholidayweknowasHalloweenhashadmanyinfluencesfrommanyculturesoverthecenturies.FromtheRoman’sPomonaDay,totheCelticfestivalofSamhain,totheChristianholidaysofAllSaintsandAllSoulsDay.

Halloween（orHallowe'en）isanannualholidayobservedonOctober31. 

　　HistorianNicholasRogers,exploringtheoriginsofHalloween,notesthatwhile"somefolkloristshavedetecteditsoriginsintheRomanfeastofPomona,thegoddessoffruitsandseeds,orinthefestivalofthedeadcalledParentalia,itismoretypicallylinkedtotheCelticfestivalofSamhain,whoseoriginalspellingwasSamhain（pronouncedsow-anorsow-in）".ThenameisderivedfromOldIrishandmeansroughly"summer'send".Snap-AppleNight（1832）byDanielMalice.DepictsapplebobbinganddivinationgamesataHalloweenpartyinBlarney,Ireland.Thename'Halloween'andmanyofitspresent-daytraditionsderivefromtheOldEnglishera.

 ThewordHalloweenisfirstattestedinthe16thcenturyandrepresentsaScottishvariantofthefullerAll-Hallows-Even（"evening"）,thatis,thenightbeforeAllHallowsDay.AlthoughthephraseAllHallowsisfoundinOldEnglish,All-Hallows-Evenisitselfnotattesteduntil1556.

HundredsofyearsagoinwhatarenowGreatBritainandNorthernFrance,livedtheCelts.TheCeltsworshippednatureandhadmanygods,withthesungodastheirfavorite.Itwas“he”whocommandedtheirworkandtheirresttimes,andwhomadetheearthbeautifulandthecropsgrow.

Onestorysaysthat,ontheday,thedisembodiedspiritsofallthosewhohaddiedthroughouttheprecedingyearwouldcomebackinsearchoflivingbodiestopossessforthenextyear.Itwasbelievedtobetheironlyhopefortheafterlife.TheCeltsbelievedalllawsofspaceandtimeweresuspendedduringthistime,allowingthespiritworldtointerminglewiththeliving.

Naturally,thestill-livingdidnotwanttobepossessed.SoonthenightofOctober31,villagerswouldextinguishthefiresintheirhomes,tomakethemcoldandundesirable.Theywouldthendressupinallmannerofghoulishcostumesandnoisilyparadedaroundtheneighborhood,beingasdestructiveaspossibleinordertofrightenawayspiritslookingforbodiestopossess.

2.1.2TheoriginoftheHungryGhostFestival

JustasHalloweenisforAmericans,the“HungryGhostFestival”isforChinese.GhostFestivalisoneofChinesetraditionaloccasions,whichistakenveryseriouslybytheChinese.Thisfestivalusuallyfallsonthe15thdayofthe7thmonthofthelunarcalendar.TheGhostFestival,someplacessaytheHungryGhostFestival,isalsocalledHalfJuly（Lunar）,Ullambana,whichiscloselyrelatedtoBuddhism,andZhongYuanFestivalwhichistheTaoismsayingandFolkBelief.

BothBuddhistsandTaoistsclaimthattheGhostFestivaloriginatedfromtheirreligionbutitsrootsareprobablyinChinesefolkreligionandantedatebothreligions.IntheTangDynasty,theBuddhistfestivalUllambanaandtheGhostFestivalweremixedandcelebratedtogether.

ToBuddhists,theseventhlunarmonthisamonthofjoy.ThisisbecausethefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonthisoftenknownastheBuddha’sjoyfuldayandthedayofrejoiceformonks.TheoriginsoftheBuddha’sjoyfuldaycanbefoundinvariousscriptures.WhentheBuddhawasalive,hisdisciplesmeditatedintheforestsofIndiaduringtherainyreasonofsummer.Threemonthslater,onthefifteendayoftheseventhmonth,theywouldemergefromtheforeststocelebratethecompletionoftheirmeditationandreporttheirprogresstotheBuddha.IntheUllambanaSutra,theBuddhainstructshisdiscipleMaudgalyayanaonhowtoobtainliberationforhismother,whohadbeenrebornintoalowerrealm,bymakingfoodofferingstothesanghaonthefifteenthdayoftheseventhmonth.Becausethenumberofmonkswhoattainedenlightenmentduringthatperiodwashigh,theBuddhawasverypleased.

TheBuddhistoriginsofthefestivalcanbetracedbacktoastorythatoriginallycamefromIndia,butlatertookonculturallyChineseovertones.IntheUllambannaSutra,thereisadescriptiveaccountofaBuddhistmonknamedMaudgalyayana,originallyaBrahminyouthwholaterordained,andlaterbecomingoneoftheBuddha’schiefdisciples.Maudgalyayanawasalsoknownforhavingclairvoyantpower,anuncommontraitamongmonks.

Afterheattainedarhatship,hebegantomissdeeplyofhisparents,andwonderedwhathappenedtothem.However,hismotherhadbeenreborninalowerrealm,knownastheRealmofHungryGhosts.Maudgalyayanaeasedhismother’ssufferingbyreceivingtheinstructionsoffeedingpretasfromtheBuddha.MaudgalyayanathensoughttheBuddha’sadvicetohelphismothergainahumanbirth.TheBuddhaestablishedadayafterthetraditionalsummerretreat（the14thdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendar,usuallymid-to–lateAugust）onwhichMaudgalyayanawastoofferfoodandrobestofivehundredbhikkhus.Fromthenon,theBuddhistfestivalUllambanabecameatimethatpeopleshowtheirfilialpietytoparentsaswellastheirancestors.

2.2Differentwaystocelebrate

2.2.1Halloweencelebrations

ThecustomofHalloweenwasbroughttoAmericainthe1840’byIrishimmigrantsfleeingtheircountry’spotatofamine.Atthattime,thefavoritepranksinNewEnglishincludedtippingoverouthousesandunhinginghencegates.

TheHalloweenwecelebratetodayincludesalloftheseinfluences.PomonaDay’sapples,nuts,andharvest,theFestivalofSanhain’sblackcats,magic,evilspiritsanddeath,andtheghosts,skeletonsandskullsfromAllSaintsDayandAllSoul’sDay.

Thecustomoftrick-or-treatingisthoughttohaveoriginatednotwiththeIrishCelts,butwithaninth-centuryEuropeancustomcalledsouling.OnNovember2,AllSoul’sDay,earlyChristianswouldwalkfromvillagebeggingfor“soulcakes”madeoutofsquarepiecesofbreadwithcurrants.Themoresoulcakesthebeggarswouldreceive,themoreprayerstheywouldpromisetosayonbehalfofthedeadrelativesofthedonors.Atthetime,itwasbelievedthatthedeadremainedinlimboforatimeafterdeath,andthatprayer,evenbystrangers,couldexpediteasoul’spassagetoheaven.

TheJake-o-lanterncustomprobablycomesfromIrishfolklore.Asthetaleistold,amannamedJack,whowasnotoriou