考研英语词汇基础.docx
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考研英语词汇基础
2010年考研英语词汇基础
这里将着重讲述考研英语测试中将要运用到的词汇难点与重点。
第一节名词的理解与运用
一.英语中的名词在句子中的作用如下:
名词在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、同位语等。
①Pricesrangefrom$6to$19foradozenshortorlongroses.
②Nothingsayslovelikeadozenlong-stemmedrosesonValentine’sDay.
③It’sgoingtoremainthemostpopularflowerbecauselovenevergoesoutofstyle.
④Thisisaprivatefirmthatstudiestheflowerindustry.
⑤Themodernwhitefurnitureandwall-to-wallmirrorsgivethestoreanexpensivelook.
⑥Weconsideritagoodopportunitytostudyabroad.
⑦Somewomenarenormallyinactivebutthenallofasuddenstartaprogramofintensetraining,anactionwhichviolatesthelawsofsportsscience.
二.常用的后缀
①.表示“人”意义的名词后缀
-Ant----
immigrant(移民)applicant(申请人)assistant(助手)
descendant(后代)pollutant(污染物)inhabitant(居民)
-An–ian----人
Arabian(阿拉伯人)Asian(亚洲人)Australian(澳大利亚人)
Italian(意大利人)musician(音乐家)librarian(图书管理员)
physician(内科医生)politician(政治家)technician(技术工)
historian(历史学家)magician(魔术师)comedian(喜剧家)
-Ee----人(被动)
employee(雇员)refugee(难民)payee(收款人)
absentee(缺席者)examinee(考生)trainee(受训者)
-Er/-eer/-or人
Daughter/owner,lawyer,trainer(教练)barber(理发师)
butcher(屠户)carrier(运输者)/ancestor(祖先)
bachelor(单身汉)conductor(指挥者)director(主任)
senator(议员)operator(操作者)sponsor(赞助者)
worshipper(崇拜者)mountaineer(登山人)profiteer(投机倒把者)
sightseers(观光者)volunteer(志愿者)pioneer(先驱)
-Ent人
correspondent(记者)client(客户)parent,resident(居民)
patient(病人)agent(代理人,中介)patent(专利)
-ist人,主义者
Scientistlinguist(语言学家)therapist(治疗家)
controversialist(好争论者)activist(活动家)novelist(小说家)
nationalist(民族主义者)physicist(物理学家)psychologist(心理学家)
tourist(游客)geneticist(基因学家)motorist(汽车司机)
②.表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀
-ship状态,性质
friendship(友谊)hardship(困境)leadership(领导身份)
membership(会员资格)ownership(所有关系)relationship(关系)
scholarship(学者身份)comradeship(同志身份)professorship(教授身份)
-hood身份,性质,时代
childhood(儿童时代)neighborhood(邻里)likelihood(可能性)
livelihood(生计)boyhood(男孩时代)
-ance/-ence性质,状态
acceptanceacquaintance(熟识)advance(进步)
allowance(补贴)appearance(出现,外表)appliance(器具)
conscience(良知)resistance(阻挡)insurance(保险)
nuisance(讨厌)performance(表现)resemblance(相似性)
-cion-sion–tion动作,状态
consumption(消费)assimilation(吸收、同化)comprehension(理解)
depression(沮丧,萧条)desperation(绝望)invention(发明)
invasion(侵略)modernization(现代化)permission(容许)
possession(拥有)suspicion(怀疑)tension(紧张)
transmission(输送,传递)industrialization(工业化)notification(通知)
-ism----主义Americanism(美国主义)heroism(英雄主义)consumerism
-mania----反常行为或狂热soccermania=soccer-mad
-holic----痴迷者,疯狂者workaholic(工作狂)
-ment运动
agreement(协议)appointment(约定,任命)argument(观点)
arrangement(安排)monument(纪念碑)movement(运动)
parliament(议会)payment(支付)replacement(替换)
requirement(要求)settlement(解决)treatment(治疗,待遇)
-ness性质,状态
casualness(随意)illness(疾病)carelessness(粗心)
sleeplessness(失眠)awareness(意识)richness(富裕)
friendliness(友好)greatness(伟大)happiness
-cide—suicide(自杀)insecticide(杀虫剂)pesticide(杀虫剂)
-cy----
literacy(识字)accuracy(准确性)tendency(倾向)
policy(政策)emergency(紧急情况)intimacy(亲密)
efficiency(效率)sufficiency(足够)dependency(依赖)
-Ery----
fishery(渔业)machinery(机械)misery(痛苦)
mystery(神秘性)discovery(发现)delivery(送,发表演说)。
--ry----poetry(诗歌)citizenry(公民)entry(加入,进入)
-age状态,集合表示行为、状态
voyage(航海)advantage(好处)baggage(行李)
courage(勇气)garbage(垃圾)storage(储存)
luggage(行李)beverage(饮料)damage(破坏,损害)
-al-----approval(赞成、批准)arrival(到达)interval(间隔)removal(搬,移走)
-ing----行动,行业,的being(生命体)beginning(开始)ending(结束)。
-ity-----
uniformity(统一,一致)curiosity(好奇性)personality(个性)
reality(现实)publicity(宣传)similarity(个性)
-ics/-ology学科
psychology(心理学)technology(技术)ideology(思想体系)
anthropology(人类学)geology(地质学)physics(物理学)
-th----结果,过程warmth(温暖)truth(真理,真实性)width(宽度)
-ty----
liberty(自由)specialty(专长,特长)anxiety(焦虑)
advisability(可行性)unpredictability(不可预测性)
-phobia-----对…过度恐惧claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症)
英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。
例如:
Lastnight,IhadwordswithMr.Bob,thegroupleader,foralongtime.Wehadverygoodwords.Inshorts,IwastouchedbyhisconfidencesandIwasverysatisfiedwiththelastwordssaidbyMr.Bobaboutthepossibilityofourproject.
类似的词还有:
affairs(事物,事情),airs(气氛),arms(武器),ages(很长一段时间),authorities(当局,政府),brains(智力),clothes,celebrities(名人),customs(海关),drinks(饮料),experiences(经历),goods,greens(绿叶,植物),grounds(理由),lessons(教训),manners(礼貌,规矩,风格),means(方法,手段),minutes(会议记录),news,pains(努力,辛苦),peoples(种族,民族),papers(报纸、考卷、论文、文件),quarters(住所,住处),sands(沙滩),spirits(情绪),sights(景观),times,terms(条件、术语),works(作品)。
名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现,如:
spectacles(眼镜),trousers(裤子),findings(调查结果),savings(储金),belongings(所有物,财产),surroundings(环境),teachings(教导),earnings(薪水),remains(遗物),thanks(感谢),regards(问候)。
三.主题名词的重复、指代和替换
Doweneedlawsthatpreventusfromrunningriskswithourlives?
Ifso,thenperhapslawsareneededprohibiting(禁止)thesaleofcigarettesandalcoholic(烈性)drinks.Bothproductshavebeenknowntokillpeople.Thehazards(危险)ofdrinkingtoomuchalcoholareasbadasorworsethanthehazardsofsmokingtoomanycigarettes.Allrightthen,let’spassalawclosingtheliquorstoresandbarsinthiscountry.Let’sputanendforevertothedangerousdiseasefromwhichasmanyas10millionAmericansnowsuffer----alcoholism(酗酒).
四.真题阅读
4.1Repetition---repetitionofthesamewordsorwordgroups
Paragraph1
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.(01)
1.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis_______
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication.
[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation.
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge.
[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties.
4.2主题名词定词义
Paragraph2
Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess---afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.
2.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_____.
[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds
[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld
4.3上下义词解题(考研真题多次出现)
Paragraph3
Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.
FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.
3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?
[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.
[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.
[C]Thegovernmentofficerstendtotagothersasanti-science.
[D]Allorganizationsarejustifiableintaggingthemselvesas“anti-science”.
五.名词中同义词和近形词
1.表示“能力”意思的词语:
Ability,capability,competency,faculty,capacity,gift,talent
2.表示“目的、目标”意思的词语:
Aim,purpose,aim,intent,intention,goal,objective,end.
3.表示“关系、联系”意思的词语:
Ties,bonds,connection,association,relations,combination,relationship,interrelations,relevance,interrelations.
4.表示“差别”意思的词语:
Difference,distinction,differentiation
5.表示“资本、资金”意思的词语:
Capital,fund,money,
6.表示“个人”意思的词语:
Person,people,folks,individuals
7.表示“意义、含义”意思的词语:
Meaning,significance,implication,connotation,
8.表示“部分、成分”意思的词语:
Part,element,ingredient,component,factor,section,fragment
9.表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语:
Inequality,bias,prejudice,discrimination
10.表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语:
Opponent,rivals,enemy,proponent,advocates
11.表示“商品”意思的词语:
Commodity,goods,
12.表示“将来”意思的词语:
Future,prospect,
13.表示“理由”意思的词语:
Reason,ground,cause.
14.表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语:
Offspring,descendant,posterity,children
15.表示“错误”意思的词语:
Blunder,error,mistake,fault。
16.表示“基础”意思的词语:
Basis,foundation,ground。
17.表示“会议”意思的词语:
Assembly,conference,congress,seminar,session,summit,symposium,meeting,gathering,party。
18.字形相似的词:
welfare(福利),warfare(战争),farewell(告别)
19.字形相似的词:
attitude(态度),altitude(海拔,高度),magnitude(数量),multitude(多数),aptitude(天资,天赋),latitude(纬度,地区,gratitude(感谢)
20.字形相似的词:
convention(习俗,传统),conversion(变化,转换),conviction(坚定的信念或看法),conservation(保存,保持),conversation(交谈)
六.名词与介词的搭配
1.Hegainedadvantageoverotherboys./takeadvantageoftheopportunity.
/What'syourimpressionofher?
/Hisspeechmadeanimpressionontheaudience.
/Thereisagreatneedforinternationalunderstanding./inneedofsomething.
/Hehasapreferencefor(喜欢)foreignmovies.
/Ishouldchooseteainpreferencetocoffee.
Iha