考研英语词汇基础.docx

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考研英语词汇基础

2010年考研英语词汇基础

这里将着重讲述考研英语测试中将要运用到的词汇难点与重点。

第一节名词的理解与运用

一.英语中的名词在句子中的作用如下:

名词在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补、同位语等。

①Pricesrangefrom$6to$19foradozenshortorlongroses.

②Nothingsayslovelikeadozenlong-stemmedrosesonValentine’sDay.

③It’sgoingtoremainthemostpopularflowerbecauselovenevergoesoutofstyle.

④Thisisaprivatefirmthatstudiestheflowerindustry.

⑤Themodernwhitefurnitureandwall-to-wallmirrorsgivethestoreanexpensivelook.

⑥Weconsideritagoodopportunitytostudyabroad.

⑦Somewomenarenormallyinactivebutthenallofasuddenstartaprogramofintensetraining,anactionwhichviolatesthelawsofsportsscience.

二.常用的后缀

①.表示“人”意义的名词后缀

-Ant----

immigrant(移民)applicant(申请人)assistant(助手)

descendant(后代)pollutant(污染物)inhabitant(居民)

-An–ian----人

Arabian(阿拉伯人)Asian(亚洲人)Australian(澳大利亚人)

Italian(意大利人)musician(音乐家)librarian(图书管理员)

physician(内科医生)politician(政治家)technician(技术工)

historian(历史学家)magician(魔术师)comedian(喜剧家)

-Ee----人(被动)

employee(雇员)refugee(难民)payee(收款人)

absentee(缺席者)examinee(考生)trainee(受训者)

-Er/-eer/-or人

Daughter/owner,lawyer,trainer(教练)barber(理发师)

butcher(屠户)carrier(运输者)/ancestor(祖先)

bachelor(单身汉)conductor(指挥者)director(主任)

senator(议员)operator(操作者)sponsor(赞助者)

worshipper(崇拜者)mountaineer(登山人)profiteer(投机倒把者)

sightseers(观光者)volunteer(志愿者)pioneer(先驱)

-Ent人

correspondent(记者)client(客户)parent,resident(居民)

patient(病人)agent(代理人,中介)patent(专利)

-ist人,主义者

Scientistlinguist(语言学家)therapist(治疗家)

controversialist(好争论者)activist(活动家)novelist(小说家)

nationalist(民族主义者)physicist(物理学家)psychologist(心理学家)

tourist(游客)geneticist(基因学家)motorist(汽车司机)

②.表示“关系、特征”等意义的名词后缀

-ship状态,性质

friendship(友谊)hardship(困境)leadership(领导身份)

membership(会员资格)ownership(所有关系)relationship(关系)

scholarship(学者身份)comradeship(同志身份)professorship(教授身份)

-hood身份,性质,时代

childhood(儿童时代)neighborhood(邻里)likelihood(可能性)

livelihood(生计)boyhood(男孩时代)

-ance/-ence性质,状态

acceptanceacquaintance(熟识)advance(进步)

allowance(补贴)appearance(出现,外表)appliance(器具)

conscience(良知)resistance(阻挡)insurance(保险)

nuisance(讨厌)performance(表现)resemblance(相似性)

-cion-sion–tion动作,状态

consumption(消费)assimilation(吸收、同化)comprehension(理解)

depression(沮丧,萧条)desperation(绝望)invention(发明)

invasion(侵略)modernization(现代化)permission(容许)

possession(拥有)suspicion(怀疑)tension(紧张)

transmission(输送,传递)industrialization(工业化)notification(通知)

-ism----主义Americanism(美国主义)heroism(英雄主义)consumerism

-mania----反常行为或狂热soccermania=soccer-mad

-holic----痴迷者,疯狂者workaholic(工作狂)

-ment运动

agreement(协议)appointment(约定,任命)argument(观点)

arrangement(安排)monument(纪念碑)movement(运动)

parliament(议会)payment(支付)replacement(替换)

requirement(要求)settlement(解决)treatment(治疗,待遇)

-ness性质,状态

casualness(随意)illness(疾病)carelessness(粗心)

sleeplessness(失眠)awareness(意识)richness(富裕)

friendliness(友好)greatness(伟大)happiness

-cide—suicide(自杀)insecticide(杀虫剂)pesticide(杀虫剂)

-cy----

literacy(识字)accuracy(准确性)tendency(倾向)

policy(政策)emergency(紧急情况)intimacy(亲密)

efficiency(效率)sufficiency(足够)dependency(依赖)

-Ery----

fishery(渔业)machinery(机械)misery(痛苦)

mystery(神秘性)discovery(发现)delivery(送,发表演说)。

--ry----poetry(诗歌)citizenry(公民)entry(加入,进入)

-age状态,集合表示行为、状态

voyage(航海)advantage(好处)baggage(行李)

courage(勇气)garbage(垃圾)storage(储存)

luggage(行李)beverage(饮料)damage(破坏,损害)

-al-----approval(赞成、批准)arrival(到达)interval(间隔)removal(搬,移走)

-ing----行动,行业,的being(生命体)beginning(开始)ending(结束)。

-ity-----

uniformity(统一,一致)curiosity(好奇性)personality(个性)

reality(现实)publicity(宣传)similarity(个性)

-ics/-ology学科

psychology(心理学)technology(技术)ideology(思想体系)

anthropology(人类学)geology(地质学)physics(物理学)

-th----结果,过程warmth(温暖)truth(真理,真实性)width(宽度)

-ty----

liberty(自由)specialty(专长,特长)anxiety(焦虑)

advisability(可行性)unpredictability(不可预测性)

-phobia-----对…过度恐惧claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症)

英语中有少数名词的单、复数形式在词义方面相当不同或绝对不同。

例如:

Lastnight,IhadwordswithMr.Bob,thegroupleader,foralongtime.Wehadverygoodwords.Inshorts,IwastouchedbyhisconfidencesandIwasverysatisfiedwiththelastwordssaidbyMr.Bobaboutthepossibilityofourproject.

类似的词还有:

affairs(事物,事情),airs(气氛),arms(武器),ages(很长一段时间),authorities(当局,政府),brains(智力),clothes,celebrities(名人),customs(海关),drinks(饮料),experiences(经历),goods,greens(绿叶,植物),grounds(理由),lessons(教训),manners(礼貌,规矩,风格),means(方法,手段),minutes(会议记录),news,pains(努力,辛苦),peoples(种族,民族),papers(报纸、考卷、论文、文件),quarters(住所,住处),sands(沙滩),spirits(情绪),sights(景观),times,terms(条件、术语),works(作品)。

名词中还有些仅以复数形式出现,如:

spectacles(眼镜),trousers(裤子),findings(调查结果),savings(储金),belongings(所有物,财产),surroundings(环境),teachings(教导),earnings(薪水),remains(遗物),thanks(感谢),regards(问候)。

三.主题名词的重复、指代和替换

Doweneedlawsthatpreventusfromrunningriskswithourlives?

Ifso,thenperhapslawsareneededprohibiting(禁止)thesaleofcigarettesandalcoholic(烈性)drinks.Bothproductshavebeenknowntokillpeople.Thehazards(危险)ofdrinkingtoomuchalcoholareasbadasorworsethanthehazardsofsmokingtoomanycigarettes.Allrightthen,let’spassalawclosingtheliquorstoresandbarsinthiscountry.Let’sputanendforevertothedangerousdiseasefromwhichasmanyas10millionAmericansnowsuffer----alcoholism(酗酒).

四.真题阅读

4.1Repetition---repetitionofthesamewordsorwordgroups

Paragraph1

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.(01)

1.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis_______

[A]thedevelopmentincommunication.

[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation.

[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge.

[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties.

4.2主题名词定词义

Paragraph2

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess---afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.

2.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit_____.

[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds

[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld

4.3上下义词解题(考研真题多次出现)

Paragraph3

Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.

FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.

[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofanti-science.

[C]Thegovernmentofficerstendtotagothersasanti-science.

[D]Allorganizationsarejustifiableintaggingthemselvesas“anti-science”.

五.名词中同义词和近形词

1.表示“能力”意思的词语:

Ability,capability,competency,faculty,capacity,gift,talent

2.表示“目的、目标”意思的词语:

Aim,purpose,aim,intent,intention,goal,objective,end.

3.表示“关系、联系”意思的词语:

Ties,bonds,connection,association,relations,combination,relationship,interrelations,relevance,interrelations.

4.表示“差别”意思的词语:

Difference,distinction,differentiation

5.表示“资本、资金”意思的词语:

Capital,fund,money,

6.表示“个人”意思的词语:

Person,people,folks,individuals

7.表示“意义、含义”意思的词语:

Meaning,significance,implication,connotation,

8.表示“部分、成分”意思的词语:

Part,element,ingredient,component,factor,section,fragment

9.表示“不平等、歧视”意思的词语:

Inequality,bias,prejudice,discrimination

10.表示“对手、支持者”意思的词语:

Opponent,rivals,enemy,proponent,advocates

11.表示“商品”意思的词语:

Commodity,goods,

12.表示“将来”意思的词语:

Future,prospect,

13.表示“理由”意思的词语:

Reason,ground,cause.

14.表示“后代、子孙”意思的词语:

Offspring,descendant,posterity,children

15.表示“错误”意思的词语:

Blunder,error,mistake,fault。

16.表示“基础”意思的词语:

Basis,foundation,ground。

17.表示“会议”意思的词语:

Assembly,conference,congress,seminar,session,summit,symposium,meeting,gathering,party。

18.字形相似的词:

welfare(福利),warfare(战争),farewell(告别)

19.字形相似的词:

attitude(态度),altitude(海拔,高度),magnitude(数量),multitude(多数),aptitude(天资,天赋),latitude(纬度,地区,gratitude(感谢)

20.字形相似的词:

convention(习俗,传统),conversion(变化,转换),conviction(坚定的信念或看法),conservation(保存,保持),conversation(交谈)

六.名词与介词的搭配

1.Hegainedadvantageoverotherboys./takeadvantageoftheopportunity.

/What'syourimpressionofher?

/Hisspeechmadeanimpressionontheaudience.

/Thereisagreatneedforinternationalunderstanding./inneedofsomething.

/Hehasapreferencefor(喜欢)foreignmovies.

/Ishouldchooseteainpreferencetocoffee.

Iha

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