语言学教学提纲.docx

语言学教学提纲.docx

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语言学教学提纲

语言学

Chapter7：

HistoricalLinguistics 

I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1. Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.

2. Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.

3. ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

4. MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.

5. InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.

6. InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.

7. AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.

8. Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.

9. Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.

10.   Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.

11.   InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.

12.   ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.

13.   Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.

14.   “Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.

15.   “fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.

16.   Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.

17.   Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.

18.   Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.

19.   Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules

20.   Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.   H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.

22.   Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.

23.   EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.

24.   Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.

25.   A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.

26.   Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas e__________.

27.   ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.

28.   Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.

29.   B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.

30.   Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.

31.   Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.

32.   Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.

33.   Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.

34.   Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.

35.   Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

36.    Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.

    A.  thenatureoflanguagechange

B.  thecausesthatleadtolanguagechange

  C. therelationshipbetweenlanguages

  D.alloftheabove

37.   Languagechangeis______________.

A.  universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematic

B.  continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversal

C.  universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematic

D.  alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuous

38.   ModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly_____________.

A.  from449to1100

B.  from1500tothepresent

C.  from1100tothepresent

D.  from1700tothepresent

39.   OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen_________.

A. theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEngland

B.  theprintingtechnologywasinvented

C. Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope

D. theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEngland

40.   MiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedby___________.

A. NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar

B.  GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissancemovement

C. DanishlanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEngland

D. theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEngland

41.   Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange________.

A.incollocations                B.inmeaning

C.ingrammar                  D.inusages

42.   InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”werepronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnotpronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.soundaddition             B.soundloss

C.soundshift                D.soundmovement

43.   Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas_____.

A.apocope                   B.epenthesis

C.parenthesis                 D.antithesis

44.   Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodernword“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeofthewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof_________.

 A.metathesis                  B.soundloss

  C.soundaddition               D.apocope

45.   _________isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.

A.Derivation                    B.Blending

C.Compounding                 D.Abbreviation

46.   “Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.

A.semanticshift                  B.semanticbroadening

C.semanticelevation              D.semanticnarrowing

47.   Englishlanguagebelongsto_________.

A.Indo-EuropeanFamily           B.Sino-TibetanFamily

C.AustronesianFamily             D.AfroasiaticFamily

48.   Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s”,speakersstartedsaying“cows”asthepluralof“cow”insteadoftheearlierplural“kine”.Thisisthecaseof_________.

A.elaboration                      B.externalborrowing

C.soundassimilation                D.internalborrowing

49.   Morphologcialchangescaninvolve__________.

A. thelossofmorphologicalrules

B.  theadditionofmorphologicalrules

C. thealterationofmorphologicalrules

D. alloftheabove

50.   Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof________.

A. comparativemarkers

B.  tensemarkers

C. genderandcasemarkers

D. noneoftheabove 

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

51.Apocope              52.Metathesis            53.Derivation 

54.back-formation         55.semanticnarrowing    56.protolanguage  

57.haplology             58.epenthesis           59.Compounding 

60.Blending            61.semanticbroadening  62.semanticshift        

63.GreatVowelShift        64.acronym        65.soundassimilation 

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

66. Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage?

67. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechange?

68. WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?

69. Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.

70. OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.

71. Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?

72. Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?

Discussthemindetail.

Chapter7 HistoricalLinguistics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

 l.T  2.T  3.T  4.F  5.F  6.T  7.F  8.F  9.T  10.F

11.T 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Historical        22.diachronic        23.Renaissance      24.Vowel

25.Apocope        26.epenthesis