乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照.docx
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乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
外文文献
RURALTOURISMANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
RuraltourismisasegmentofthetotaltouristindustrywhichisparticularlyimportantinHungary,inacountrywithnospectacularnaturalattractions,withoutseaside,highmountains,rainforestorherdsofexoticanimals.However,itsattractiveculturallandscapeswithsmallvillages,thermalsprings,riversandlakes,combinedwiththetraditionalhospitality,areabletoofferpleasantexperiencestothekindoftouristwhoislookingforrelaxationandrecreationinacalmsetting。
Ononehand,ruraltourismdevelopmentcanplayanimportantroleinthediversificationoftheHungariantouristsupplyandinthecreationofamorecomplexandcolourfulcountryimage.Ontheotherhand,ruraltourismisnotonlytheend,butthemeanstostimulateeconomicgrowth,toincreasetheviabilityofunderdevelopedregions,andtoimprovethelivingstandardsoflocalpopulations。
Ifruraltourismistofulfilalltheseroles,ithastobedevelopedinawaythatensuresthelong—termsustainabilityoftheresourcesandthatofthedevelopmentprogressitself.Butwhatisasustainablewayofdevelopmentinruraltourism?
Howcansustainabilitybemonitoredandpromotedinruraldestinations?
ThispaperattemptstoanswerthesequestionsbypresentingthecurrentsituationofHungarianruraltourismthroughindicatorsthatareconsideredtoberelevantforthistypeoftourism.
SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT
TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas”developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds”。
Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997(WTO,1998).Itisamajoreconomicforce,havinggeneratedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10。
7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp。
653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue(WTTC,1996)。
Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof”alternative"tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment。
Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld—widetourismindustry。
ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth’sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared。
Sustainabletourismhasseveral—oftenseriouslydebated—definitions。
AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis”allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity”(FNNP,1993).ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich”operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas”(TourismConcern&WWF,1992)。
Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld。
However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications(Mowforth&Munt,1998)。
Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnotcauseirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend。
Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism(boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves)withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagainstthepressureofboththeso—called"touristculture”andthe"residualculture"ofthevisitors(Jafari,1987)。
Economicsustainabilityreferstoalevelofeconomicgainfromtourismthatissufficienttoprovideanappropriateincomeforthelocalcommunity(comparedtotheinconveniencecausedbytheactivitiesofthetourismsector)andtocoverallthecostsofanyspecialmeasuretakentosatisfythetourists(thusapreconditionofeconomicsustainabilityistheattractivenessofanareaandtheperceivedhighqualityofitstouristsupply:
withoutbeinginacompetitivepositionintheworldmarket,nodestinationcanbeeconomicallysustainable).
Thedifferentaspectsofsustainabilitydonotcompete,butmustbeseenasequallyimportant。
Highlevelofeconomicprofitabilitymustnotbeconsideredasatooltocoveroverthedamagedonetosocialornaturalresources,buttherelativefragilenatureoftheselattermustnotcreateaplanningenvironmentwhereeconomicconsiderationsarenotbeingtaken(properly)。
Sustainabletourismdevelopmenthastobeeconomicallyviableandnaturallyandculturallysensitiveatthesametime。
Aswecouldsee,inappropriatetourismdevelopmentresultsinincreasingstressondestinationsandconsequentlyinnegativechangesinthedestinations’physical,economicandsocial—culturalcharacteristics。
Inordertoavoidorminimiseunfavourableimpacts,decision-makersmustbeawareofallthefactorsthatplayaroleinthedevelopmentprocess.Inthemeasurementoftheprogressthatanindividualdestinationismakingtowardssustainabletourismdevelopment,sustainabilityindicatorsarecommonlyacceptedasonesetofusefultools。
INDICATORSOFSUSTAINABILITY
”Indicatorsmeasureinformationwithwhichdecision—makersmayreducethechancesofunknowinglytakingpoordecisions”(WTO,1996).Inotherwords,indicatorsareasetofusefulmeasuresofthosefactorsthatareimportanttothedecision—makers(therelativesignificanceofthesefactorsdependontheirrelevancetothedevelopmentobjectivesofagivendestination,andontheirimportancetotourists)。
”Indicatorsarebothatoolformanagementtodayandaninvestmentinthefuture,sincetheyreducetheriskofinadvertentdamagetotheresourcebaseonwhichthe[tourist]industrydepends”(WTO,1996).
Basedondifferentguidelinesandrecommendations(TourismConcern&WWF,1992;McCool&Watson,1994;Murphy,1994;Howie,1996;Swarbrooke,1996;WTO,1996;Mowforth&Munt,1998),theindicatorssuggestedforthepurposeofthisstudyarethefollowing(Table1):
Table1-IndicatorsofSustainabilityinRuralTourism
Indicator
Measure
1。
Stress
—Numberofvisitors/tourists(perannum/season)
2.Socialstress
-Ratioofvisitor/touristnumberstolocalpopulation(perannum/season)
3.Attractiveness
-Listofnaturalandculturalresources
—Rateofattractivenessofnaturalandculturalresources
4。
Planningprocess
—Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfordevelopment
5.Tourismplanningprocess
—Existenceoflocal/regionalplanfortourismdevelopment
6.Areaprotection
—Categoryofprotection
-Percentageofprotectedareacomparedtothewhole
territoryofthedestination
7.Localinvolvement
-Ratioofthenumberoflocallyownedtouristbusinessestothetotalnumberoftouristbusinesses
8.Localcontrol
-Existenceofformalmeasures(publichearing,communitymeeting,localreferendum)toensurelocalcontroloverevelopmentplanningandimplementation
9.Employment
-Numberofjobscreatedintourism(full-timeequivalent)
—Ratiooflocalemployeenumbertothenumberofguestworkers
10.Tourismcontributiontothelocaleconomy
-Proportionoftotaltaxincomegeneratedbytourismonly
11.Economicdiversity
—Shareofdifferenteconomicactivitiesinthetotaltaxincome
12。
Energyconsumption
—Ratioofrenewableenergysourcestonon—renewableenergysources(consumption)
13。
Wastemanagement
-Percentageofhouseholdswithpropersewagesystem
-Percentageofwastereceivingtreatment
14。
Educationandtraining
—Percentageoflocalpeopleinvolvedintourismwith
professionaltrainingandeducation
—Distributionoftourismemployeesbyeducation
—Percentageoftourismemployees(andlocalpeople)
participatinginon-the—jobtraininginagiventimeperiod
15.Localsatisfaction
-Overallperceptionoftourism'simpactsinlocalcommunity
16。
Tourist
satisfaction
—Overallsatisfactionoftouristsconcerningthequalityandthevalue/priceratioofthecomplextouristproduct
—Percentage/changeofrepeatvisitscomparedtofirst-timevisits
THECONCEPTOFRURALTOURISM
Ruraltourismisanoldandanewphenomenonatthesametime。
Interestincountrysiderecreationstartedtogrewalreadyinthe19。
centuryasareactiontothestressoftheincreasingurbanizationandindustrialisation。
Theruralscenewasadmi